如何提高Flutter应用程序的性能

关于如何改善Flutter应用程序的性能，存在许多问题，解决方案和误解。您需要立即弄清楚Flutter默认情况下是功能强大的，但是在编写代码时我们必须避免一些错误，以便应用程序始终可以正常运行。下面，我为您准备了有关如何编写的一系列提示和技巧，这样您就不必经常使用剖析工具。

内容：

• 不要将小部件放入类方法中
• 避免重建所有小部件
• 使用const
• 将ListView中的itemExtent用于大型列表。
• 避免在AnimatedBuilder中不必要的小部件重建
• 不要在动画中使用“不透明度”小部件
• 结论

不要将小部件放入类方法中

, , , .

, , "" (footer).

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  Widget _buildHeaderWidget() {
    final size = 40.0;
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: CircleAvatar(
        backgroundColor: Colors.grey[700],
        child: FlutterLogo(
          size: size,
        ),
        radius: size,
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildMainWidget(BuildContext context) {
    return Expanded(
      child: Container(
        color: Colors.grey[700],
        child: Center(
          child: Text(
            'Hello Flutter',
            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Widget _buildFooterWidget() {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: Text('This is the footer '),
    );
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Padding(
        padding: const EdgeInsets.all(15.0),
        child: Column(
          mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
          children: [
            _buildHeaderWidget(),
            _buildMainWidget(context),
            _buildFooterWidget(),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

, , – . ? , , MyHomePage , , , , .

, StatelessWidget .

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Padding(
        padding: const EdgeInsets.all(15.0),
        child: Column(
          mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
          children: [
            HeaderWidget(),
            MainWidget(),
            FooterWidget(),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class HeaderWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final size = 40.0;
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: CircleAvatar(
        backgroundColor: Colors.grey[700],
        child: FlutterLogo(
          size: size,
        ),
        radius: size,
      ),
    );
  }
}

class MainWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Expanded(
      child: Container(
        color: Colors.grey[700],
        child: Center(
          child: Text(
            'Hello Flutter',
            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display1,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class FooterWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: Text('This is the footer '),
    );
  }
}

Stateful/Stateless "", , , . , . ( )

const . , .

, , Flutter StatefulWidget setState.

— , FloatingActionButton , . , . , print build , , .

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  Color _currentColor = Colors.grey;

  Random _random = new Random();

  void _onPressed() {
    int randomNumber = _random.nextInt(30);
    setState(() {
      _currentColor = Colors.primaries[randomNumber % Colors.primaries.length];
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `MyHomePage`');
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        child: Icon(Icons.colorize),
      ),
      body: Stack(
        children: [
          Positioned.fill(
            child: BackgroundWidget(),
          ),
          Center(
            child: Container(
              height: 150,
              width: 150,
              color: _currentColor,
            ),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

class BackgroundWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `BackgroundWidget`');
    return Image.network(
      'https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/08/30/01/05/milky-way-2695569_960_720.jpg',
      fit: BoxFit.cover,
    );
  }
}

flutter: building `MyHomePage`
flutter: building `BackgroundWidget`

, , : Scaffold, BackgroundWidget , , , , – -Container.

, – . , . , : flutter_bloc, mobx, provider . . , , Flutter , - .

, , ValueNotifier.

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  final _colorNotifier = ValueNotifier<Color>(Colors.grey);
  Random _random = new Random();

  void _onPressed() {
    int randomNumber = _random.nextInt(30);
    _colorNotifier.value =
        Colors.primaries[randomNumber % Colors.primaries.length];
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _colorNotifier.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `MyHomePage`');
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        child: Icon(Icons.colorize),
      ),
      body: Stack(
        children: [
          Positioned.fill(
            child: BackgroundWidget(),
          ),
          Center(
            child: ValueListenableBuilder(
              valueListenable: _colorNotifier,
              builder: (_, value, __) => Container(
                height: 150,
                width: 150,
                color: value,
              ),
            ),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

… . , , , (. ValueListenableBuilder ValueNotifier).

, , - (, , ) ( ).

, ChangeNotifier.

//------ ChangeNotifier class ----//
class MyColorNotifier extends ChangeNotifier {
  Color myColor = Colors.grey;
  Random _random = new Random();

  void changeColor() {
    int randomNumber = _random.nextInt(30);
    myColor = Colors.primaries[randomNumber % Colors.primaries.length];
    notifyListeners();
  }
}
//------ State class ----//

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  final _colorNotifier = MyColorNotifier();

  void _onPressed() {
    _colorNotifier.changeColor();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _colorNotifier.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `MyHomePage`');
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        child: Icon(Icons.colorize),
      ),
      body: Stack(
        children: [
          Positioned.fill(
            child: BackgroundWidget(),
          ),
          Center(
            child: AnimatedBuilder(
              animation: _colorNotifier,
              builder: (_, __) => Container(
                height: 150,
                width: 150,
                color: _colorNotifier.myColor,
              ),
            ),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

, .

const

const , , ( const, ), , (. const).

setState, , 1 .

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int _counter = 0;

  void _onPressed() {
    setState(() {
      _counter++;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `MyHomePage`');
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        child: Icon(Icons.colorize),
      ),
      body: Stack(
        children: [
          Positioned.fill(
            child: BackgroundWidget(),
          ),
          Center(
              child: Text(
            _counter.toString(),
            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display4.apply(
                  color: Colors.white,
                  fontWeightDelta: 2,
                ),
          )),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

class BackgroundWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `BackgroundWidget`');
    return Image.network(
      'https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/08/30/01/05/milky-way-2695569_960_720.jpg',
      fit: BoxFit.cover,
    );
  }
}

2 , , – BackgroundWidget. , , , , .

flutter: building `MyHomePage`
flutter: building `BackgroundWidget`

const BackgroundWidget:

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int _counter = 0;

  void _onPressed() {
    setState(() {
      _counter++;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `MyHomePage`');
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        child: Icon(Icons.colorize),
      ),
      body: Stack(
        children: [
          Positioned.fill(
            child: const BackgroundWidget(),
          ),
          Center(
              child: Text(
            _counter.toString(),
            style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display4.apply(
                  color: Colors.white,
                  fontWeightDelta: 2,
                ),
          )),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

class BackgroundWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  const BackgroundWidget();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `BackgroundWidget`');
    return Image.network(
      'https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/08/30/01/05/milky-way-2695569_960_720.jpg',
      fit: BoxFit.cover,
    );
  }
}

(, , , ) , const.

itemExtent ListView

, , , , , itemExtent.

. 10 . . itemExtent .

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  final widgets = List.generate(
    10000,
    (index) => Container(
      height: 200.0,
      color: Colors.primaries[index % Colors.primaries.length],
      child: ListTile(
        title: Text('Index: $index'),
      ),
    ),
  );

  final _scrollController = ScrollController();

  void _onPressed() async {
    _scrollController.jumpTo(
      _scrollController.position.maxScrollExtent,
    );
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        splashColor: Colors.red,
        child: Icon(Icons.slow_motion_video),
      ),
      body: ListView(
        controller: _scrollController,
        children: widgets,
      ),
    );
  }
}

, (~10 ). - , . UI!

, itemExtent, , .

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  final widgets = List.generate(
    10000,
    (index) => Container(
      color: Colors.primaries[index % Colors.primaries.length],
      child: ListTile(
        title: Text('Index: $index'),
      ),
    ),
  );

  final _scrollController = ScrollController();

  void _onPressed() async {
    _scrollController.jumpTo(
      _scrollController.position.maxScrollExtent,
    );
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        splashColor: Colors.red,
        child: Icon(Icons.slow_motion_video),
      ),
      body: ListView(
        controller: _scrollController,
        children: widgets,
        itemExtent: 200,
      ),
    );
  }
}

- .

AnimatedBuilder

, . (addListener) AnimationController setState. , , . AnimatedBuilder , .

, , 360 . CounterWidget, , , .

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  AnimationController _controller;
  int counter = 0;

  void _onPressed() {
    setState(() {
      counter++;
    });
    _controller.forward(from: 0.0);
  }

  @override
  void initState() {
    _controller = AnimationController(
        vsync: this, duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 600));
    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        splashColor: Colors.red,
        child: Icon(Icons.slow_motion_video),
      ),
      body: AnimatedBuilder(
        animation: _controller,
        builder: (_, child) => Transform(
          alignment: Alignment.center,
          transform: Matrix4.identity()
            ..setEntry(3, 2, 0.001)
            ..rotateY(360 * _controller.value * (pi / 180.0)),
          child: CounterWidget(
            counter: counter,
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class CounterWidget extends StatelessWidget {
  final int counter;

  const CounterWidget({Key key, this.counter}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    print('building `CounterWidget`');
    return Center(
      child: Text(
        counter.toString(),
        style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.display4.apply(fontWeightDelta: 3),
      ),
    );
  }
}

.

flutter: building `CounterWidget`
flutter: building `CounterWidget`
flutter: building `CounterWidget`
flutter: building `CounterWidget`
flutter: building `CounterWidget`
...
flutter: building `CounterWidget`

, 1, , , , setState. CounterWidget?

! AnimatedBuilder child, . , , , , , Transform .

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        splashColor: Colors.red,
        child: Icon(Icons.slow_motion_video),
      ),
      body: AnimatedBuilder(
        animation: _controller,
        child: CounterWidget(
          counter: counter,
        ),
        builder: (_, child) => Transform(
          alignment: Alignment.center,
          transform: Matrix4.identity()
            ..setEntry(3, 2, 0.001)
            ..rotateY(360 * _controller.value * (pi / 180.0)),
          child: child,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

, , , , . .

Opacity

.

- , Opacity. , Transform, Opacity, .

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  AnimationController _controller;
  int counter = 0;

  void _onPressed() {
    setState(() {
      counter++;
    });
    _controller.forward(from: 0.0);
  }

  @override
  void initState() {
    _controller = AnimationController(
        vsync: this, duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 600));
    _controller.addStatusListener((status) {
      if (status == AnimationStatus.completed) {
        _controller.reverse();
      }
    });
    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        splashColor: Colors.red,
        child: Icon(Icons.slow_motion_video),
      ),
      body: AnimatedBuilder(
        animation: _controller,
        child: CounterWidget(
          counter: counter,
        ),
        builder: (_, child) => Opacity(
          opacity: (1 - _controller.value),
          child: child,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

, , , Opacity (, , ) , .

:

1 – FadeTransition

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  AnimationController _controller;
  int counter = 0;

  void _onPressed() {
    setState(() {
      counter++;
    });
    _controller.forward(from: 0.0);
  }

  @override
  void initState() {
    _controller = AnimationController(
        vsync: this, duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 600));
    _controller.addStatusListener((status) {
      if (status == AnimationStatus.completed) {
        _controller.reverse();
      }
    });
    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        splashColor: Colors.red,
        child: Icon(Icons.slow_motion_video),
      ),
      body: FadeTransition(
        opacity: Tween(begin: 1.0, end: 0.0).animate(_controller),
        child: CounterWidget(
          counter: counter,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

2 – AnimatedOpacity

const duration = const Duration(milliseconds: 600);

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int counter = 0;
  double opacity = 1.0;

  void _onPressed() async {
    counter++;
    setState(() {
      opacity = 0.0;
    });
    await Future.delayed(duration);
    setState(() {
      opacity = 1.0;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _onPressed,
        splashColor: Colors.red,
        child: Icon(Icons.slow_motion_video),
      ),
      body: AnimatedOpacity(
        opacity: opacity,
        duration: duration,
        child: CounterWidget(
          counter: counter,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

, Opacity.

, Flutter , . , .

, - Filip Hráček Flutter Europe, Flutter .

:

• https://flutter.dev/docs/perf/rendering/best-practices
• https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/StatefulWidget-class.html#performance-considerations
• https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Opacity-class.html#transparent-image

:

Diego Velásquez –  Flutter Dart GDE , . Flutter. Diego . Twitter.

PS再次，原来的文章的链接如何提高你的颤振应用程序的性能通过维拉斯奎兹