荧光图像中的自动COVID-19检测器

• 我早上醒来，感到有点不知所措。
  
• 当我下床时，我的鼻子已经漏水了（尽管现在知道流鼻涕不是COVID-19的症状）。
  
• 当他到达浴室拿餐巾纸时，他还咳嗽了。

1. 我们将从收集的COXID-19呈阳性的患者的透视图中收集一组公开数据。
   
2. 我们收集一系列健康患者的荧光图。
   
3. 我们将训练卷积神经网络，以从创建的集合中自动检测图像中的COVID-19。
   
4. 我们将从教育的角度评估获得的结果。

荧光图上的COVID-19

资料集

1. COVID-19的阳性结果。
   
2. 肺的类型“后-前”（PA）。据我了解，这是“健康”图像中使用的图像类型。

项目结构

$ tree --dirsfirst --filelimit 10
.
├── dataset
│   ├── covid [25 entries]
│   └── normal [25 entries]
├── build_covid_dataset.py
├── sample_kaggle_dataset.py
├── train_covid19.py
├── plot.png
└── covid19.model
3 directories, 5 files

实作

# import the necessary packages
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from tensorflow.keras.applications import VGG16
from tensorflow.keras.layers import AveragePooling2D
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dropout
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Flatten
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Input
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import Adam
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelBinarizer
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
from imutils import paths
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import argparse
import cv2
import os

# construct the argument parser and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-d", "--dataset", required=True,
	help="path to input dataset")
ap.add_argument("-p", "--plot", type=str, default="plot.png",
	help="path to output loss/accuracy plot")
ap.add_argument("-m", "--model", type=str, default="covid19.model",
	help="path to output loss/accuracy plot")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())
# initialize the initial learning rate, number of epochs to train for,
# and batch size
INIT_LR = 1e-3
EPOCHS = 25
BS = 8

• --dataset：输入数据集的路径
  
• --plot：学习历史记录的退出时间表的可选路径。除非另有说明，否则默认值为plot.png
  
• --model：输出模型的可选路径；默认covid19.model

# grab the list of images in our dataset directory, then initialize
# the list of data (i.e., images) and class images
print("[INFO] loading images...")
imagePaths = list(paths.list_images(args["dataset"]))
data = []
labels = []
# loop over the image paths
for imagePath in imagePaths:
	# extract the class label from the filename
	label = imagePath.split(os.path.sep)[-2]
	# load the image, swap color channels, and resize it to be a fixed
	# 224x224 pixels while ignoring aspect ratio
	image = cv2.imread(imagePath)
	image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
	image = cv2.resize(image, (224, 224))
	# update the data and labels lists, respectively
	data.append(image)
	labels.append(label)
# convert the data and labels to NumPy arrays while scaling the pixel
# intensities to the range [0, 1]
data = np.array(data) / 255.0
labels = np.array(labels)

• 我们从路径中检索类标签（covid或normal）。
  
• 我们对其进行加载image和预处理，将其转换为RGB并重新调整为224×224像素，以便为神经网络做好准备。
  
• 正在更新清单data和labels。

# perform one-hot encoding on the labels
lb = LabelBinarizer()
labels = lb.fit_transform(labels)
labels = to_categorical(labels)
# partition the data into training and testing splits using 80% of
# the data for training and the remaining 20% for testing
(trainX, testX, trainY, testY) = train_test_split(data, labels,
	test_size=0.20, stratify=labels, random_state=42)
# initialize the training data augmentation object
trainAug = ImageDataGenerator(
	rotation_range=15,
	fill_mode="nearest")

[[0. 1.]
 [0. 1.]
 [0. 1.]
 ...
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]]

# load the VGG16 network, ensuring the head FC layer sets are left
# off
baseModel = VGG16(weights="imagenet", include_top=False,
	input_tensor=Input(shape=(224, 224, 3)))
# construct the head of the model that will be placed on top of the
# the base model
headModel = baseModel.output
headModel = AveragePooling2D(pool_size=(4, 4))(headModel)
headModel = Flatten(name="flatten")(headModel)
headModel = Dense(64, activation="relu")(headModel)
headModel = Dropout(0.5)(headModel)
headModel = Dense(2, activation="softmax")(headModel)
# place the head FC model on top of the base model (this will become
# the actual model we will train)
model = Model(inputs=baseModel.input, outputs=headModel)
# loop over all layers in the base model and freeze them so they will
# *not* be updated during the first training process
for layer in baseModel.layers:
	layer.trainable = False

# compile our model
print("[INFO] compiling model...")
opt = Adam(lr=INIT_LR, decay=INIT_LR / EPOCHS)
model.compile(loss="binary_crossentropy", optimizer=opt,
	metrics=["accuracy"])
# train the head of the network
print("[INFO] training head...")
H = model.fit_generator(
	trainAug.flow(trainX, trainY, batch_size=BS),
	steps_per_epoch=len(trainX) // BS,
	validation_data=(testX, testY),
	validation_steps=len(testX) // BS,
	epochs=EPOCHS)

# make predictions on the testing set
print("[INFO] evaluating network...")
predIdxs = model.predict(testX, batch_size=BS)
# for each image in the testing set we need to find the index of the
# label with corresponding largest predicted probability
predIdxs = np.argmax(predIdxs, axis=1)
# show a nicely formatted classification report
print(classification_report(testY.argmax(axis=1), predIdxs,
	target_names=lb.classes_))

# compute the confusion matrix and and use it to derive the raw
# accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity
cm = confusion_matrix(testY.argmax(axis=1), predIdxs)
total = sum(sum(cm))
acc = (cm[0, 0] + cm[1, 1]) / total
sensitivity = cm[0, 0] / (cm[0, 0] + cm[0, 1])
specificity = cm[1, 1] / (cm[1, 0] + cm[1, 1])
# show the confusion matrix, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity
print(cm)
print("acc: {:.4f}".format(acc))
print("sensitivity: {:.4f}".format(sensitivity))
print("specificity: {:.4f}".format(specificity))

• 我们生成了一个误差矩阵。
  
• 在它的帮助下，我们通过打印所有这些指标来计算准确性，敏感性和特异性。

# plot the training loss and accuracy
N = EPOCHS
plt.style.use("ggplot")
plt.figure()
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["loss"], label="train_loss")
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["val_loss"], label="val_loss")
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["accuracy"], label="train_acc")
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["val_accuracy"], label="val_acc")
plt.title("Training Loss and Accuracy on COVID-19 Dataset")
plt.xlabel("Epoch #")
plt.ylabel("Loss/Accuracy")
plt.legend(loc="lower left")
plt.savefig(args["plot"])

# serialize the model to disk
print("[INFO] saving COVID-19 detector model...")
model.save(args["model"], save_format="h5")

侦探训练

$ python train_covid19.py --dataset dataset
[INFO] loading images...
[INFO] compiling model...
[INFO] training head...
Epoch 1/25
5/5 [==============================] - 20s 4s/step - loss: 0.7169 - accuracy: 0.6000 - val_loss: 0.6590 - val_accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 2/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 86ms/step - loss: 0.8088 - accuracy: 0.4250 - val_loss: 0.6112 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 3/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 99ms/step - loss: 0.6809 - accuracy: 0.5500 - val_loss: 0.6054 - val_accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 4/25
5/5 [==============================] - 1s 100ms/step - loss: 0.6723 - accuracy: 0.6000 - val_loss: 0.5771 - val_accuracy: 0.6000
...
Epoch 22/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 99ms/step - loss: 0.3271 - accuracy: 0.9250 - val_loss: 0.2902 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 23/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 99ms/step - loss: 0.3634 - accuracy: 0.9250 - val_loss: 0.2690 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 24/25
5/5 [==============================] - 27s 5s/step - loss: 0.3175 - accuracy: 0.9250 - val_loss: 0.2395 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 25/25
5/5 [==============================] - 1s 101ms/step - loss: 0.3655 - accuracy: 0.8250 - val_loss: 0.2522 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
[INFO] evaluating network...
              precision    recall  f1-score   support
       covid       0.83      1.00      0.91         5
      normal       1.00      0.80      0.89         5
    accuracy                           0.90        10
   macro avg       0.92      0.90      0.90        10
weighted avg       0.92      0.90      0.90        10
[[5 0]
 [1 4]]
acc: 0.9000
sensitivity: 1.0000
specificity: 0.8000
[INFO] saving COVID-19 detector model...

根据荧光检查结果自动诊断COVID-19

• 真正感染的患者在100％的病例中得到认可。
  
• 健康的患者被认为是健康的，概率为80％。

局限性，改进和未来工作

下一步是什么？

摘要

• 我们从Cohen数据集中选择了25张图像，仅选择前后视图（PA）和确诊。
  
• 然后从具有Kaggle透视图像（肺炎）的数据集中选择25例健康患者的图像。