Swift 5.1中面向协议的编程

• 了解面向对象编程和面向协议编程之间的区别；
• 了解标准协议的实现；
• 了解如何扩展标准Swift库的功能；
• 了解如何使用泛型扩展协议。

入门

面向协议的编程是什么样的？

让我们来编写代码

protocol Bird {
  var name: String { get }
  var canFly: Bool { get }
}

protocol Flyable {
  var airspeedVelocity: Double { get }
}

确定协议对应的类型

struct FlappyBird: Bird, Flyable {
  let name: String
  let flappyAmplitude: Double
  let flappyFrequency: Double
  let canFly = true

  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    3 * flappyFrequency * flappyAmplitude
  }
}

struct Penguin: Bird {
  let name: String
  let canFly = false
}

struct SwiftBird: Bird, Flyable {
  var name: String { "Swift \(version)" }
  let canFly = true
  let version: Double
  private var speedFactor = 1000.0
  
  init(version: Double) {
    self.version = version
  }

  // Swift is FASTER with each version!
  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    version * speedFactor
  }
}

以默认行为扩展协议

extension Bird {
  // Flyable birds can fly!
  var canFly: Bool { self is Flyable }
}

让我们进行转移

enum UnladenSwallow: Bird, Flyable {
  case african
  case european
  case unknown
  
  var name: String {
    switch self {
    case .african:
      return "African"
    case .european:
      return "European"
    case .unknown:
      return "What do you mean? African or European?"
    }
  }
  
  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    switch self {
    case .african:
      return 10.0
    case .european:
      return 9.9
    case .unknown:
      fatalError("You are thrown from the bridge of death!")
    }
  }
}

覆盖默认行为

extension UnladenSwallow {
  var canFly: Bool {
    self != .unknown
  }
}

UnladenSwallow.unknown.canFly         // false
UnladenSwallow.african.canFly         // true
Penguin(name: "King Penguin").canFly  // false

扩展协议

protocol Bird: CustomStringConvertible {
  var name: String { get }
  var canFly: Bool { get }
}

extension CustomStringConvertible where Self: Bird {
  var description: String {
    canFly ? "I can fly" : "Guess I'll just sit here :["
  }
}

Swift标准库中的协议

let numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
let slice = numbers[1...3]
let reversedSlice = slice.reversed()

let answer = reversedSlice.map { $0 * 10 }
print(answer)

在你的标记上

class Motorcycle {
  init(name: String) {
    self.name = name
    speed = 200.0
  }

  var name: String
  var speed: Double
}

放在一起

// 1
protocol Racer {
  var speed: Double { get }  // speed is the only thing racers care about
}

// 2
extension FlappyBird: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    airspeedVelocity
  }
}

extension SwiftBird: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    airspeedVelocity
  }
}

extension Penguin: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    42  // full waddle speed
  }
}

extension UnladenSwallow: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    canFly ? airspeedVelocity : 0.0
  }
}

extension Motorcycle: Racer {}

// 3
let racers: [Racer] =
  [UnladenSwallow.african,
   UnladenSwallow.european,
   UnladenSwallow.unknown,
   Penguin(name: "King Penguin"),
   SwiftBird(version: 5.1),
   FlappyBird(name: "Felipe", flappyAmplitude: 3.0, flappyFrequency: 20.0),
   Motorcycle(name: "Giacomo")]

最高速度

func topSpeed(of racers: [Racer]) -> Double {
  racers.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
}

topSpeed(of: racers) // 5100

使功能更通用

// 1
func topSpeed<RacersType: Sequence>(of racers: RacersType) -> Double
    /*2*/ where RacersType.Iterator.Element == Racer {
  // 3
  racers.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
}

1. RacersType是我们函数的通用参数类型。可以是符合Sequence协议的任何内容。
2. 其中确定序列内容必须符合Racer协议。
3. 函数主体本身保持不变。

topSpeed(of: racers[1...3]) // 42

使功能更“快捷”

extension Sequence where Iterator.Element == Racer {
  func topSpeed() -> Double {
    self.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
  }
}

racers.topSpeed()        // 5100
racers[1...3].topSpeed() // 42

协议比较器

protocol Score {
  var value: Int { get }
}

struct RacingScore: Score {
  let value: Int
}

protocol Score: Comparable {
  var value: Int { get }
}

struct RacingScore: Score {
  let value: Int
  
  static func <(lhs: RacingScore, rhs: RacingScore) -> Bool {
    lhs.value < rhs.value
  }
}

RacingScore(value: 150) >= RacingScore(value: 130) // true

对对象进行更改

protocol Cheat {
  mutating func boost(_ power: Double)
}

extension SwiftBird: Cheat {
  mutating func boost(_ power: Double) {
    speedFactor += power
  }
}

var swiftBird = SwiftBird(version: 5.0)
swiftBird.boost(3.0)
swiftBird.airspeedVelocity // 5015
swiftBird.boost(3.0)
swiftBird.airspeedVelocity // 5030

结论