Detektor COVID-19 otomatis dari Gambar Fluorografi

• Saya bangun di pagi hari, saya merasa sedikit kewalahan.
  
• Ketika saya bangun dari tempat tidur, saya sudah mengalami kebocoran dari hidung saya (walaupun sekarang diketahui bahwa pilek bukan merupakan gejala COVID-19).
  
• Ketika dia sampai di kamar mandi untuk mengambil serbet, dia juga batuk.

1. Kami akan mengumpulkan satu set data terbuka dari fluorogram pasien dengan tes positif untuk COVID-19.
   
2. Kami mengumpulkan sejumlah fluorogram pasien sehat.
   
3. Kami akan melatih jaringan saraf convolutional untuk mendeteksi COVID-19 secara otomatis pada gambar dari set yang dibuat.
   
4. Kami akan mengevaluasi hasil yang diperoleh dari sudut pandang pendidikan.

COVID-19 pada fluorogram

Himpunan data

1. Hasil positif pada COVID-19.
   
2. Jenis paru-paru 'posterior-anterior' (PA). Sejauh yang saya mengerti, ini adalah jenis gambar yang digunakan dalam gambar "sehat".

Struktur proyek

$ tree --dirsfirst --filelimit 10
.
├── dataset
│   ├── covid [25 entries]
│   └── normal [25 entries]
├── build_covid_dataset.py
├── sample_kaggle_dataset.py
├── train_covid19.py
├── plot.png
└── covid19.model
3 directories, 5 files

Penerapan

# import the necessary packages
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from tensorflow.keras.applications import VGG16
from tensorflow.keras.layers import AveragePooling2D
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dropout
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Flatten
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Input
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import Adam
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelBinarizer
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
from imutils import paths
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import argparse
import cv2
import os

# construct the argument parser and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-d", "--dataset", required=True,
	help="path to input dataset")
ap.add_argument("-p", "--plot", type=str, default="plot.png",
	help="path to output loss/accuracy plot")
ap.add_argument("-m", "--model", type=str, default="covid19.model",
	help="path to output loss/accuracy plot")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())
# initialize the initial learning rate, number of epochs to train for,
# and batch size
INIT_LR = 1e-3
EPOCHS = 25
BS = 8

• --dataset: path ke dataset input
  
• --plot: Jalur opsional ke jadwal keluar untuk riwayat belajar Anda. Kecuali ditentukan lain, standarnya adalahplot.png
  
• --model: jalur opsional ke model keluaran; standarcovid19.model

# grab the list of images in our dataset directory, then initialize
# the list of data (i.e., images) and class images
print("[INFO] loading images...")
imagePaths = list(paths.list_images(args["dataset"]))
data = []
labels = []
# loop over the image paths
for imagePath in imagePaths:
	# extract the class label from the filename
	label = imagePath.split(os.path.sep)[-2]
	# load the image, swap color channels, and resize it to be a fixed
	# 224x224 pixels while ignoring aspect ratio
	image = cv2.imread(imagePath)
	image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
	image = cv2.resize(image, (224, 224))
	# update the data and labels lists, respectively
	data.append(image)
	labels.append(label)
# convert the data and labels to NumPy arrays while scaling the pixel
# intensities to the range [0, 1]
data = np.array(data) / 255.0
labels = np.array(labels)

• Kami mengambil label kelas ( covidatau normal) dari jalur .
  
• Kami memuat imagedan melakukan pra-proses, mengubahnya menjadi RGB dan mengubah ukuran menjadi 224 × 224 piksel, sehingga siap untuk jaringan saraf.
  
• Memperbarui daftar datadan labels.

# perform one-hot encoding on the labels
lb = LabelBinarizer()
labels = lb.fit_transform(labels)
labels = to_categorical(labels)
# partition the data into training and testing splits using 80% of
# the data for training and the remaining 20% for testing
(trainX, testX, trainY, testY) = train_test_split(data, labels,
	test_size=0.20, stratify=labels, random_state=42)
# initialize the training data augmentation object
trainAug = ImageDataGenerator(
	rotation_range=15,
	fill_mode="nearest")

[[0. 1.]
 [0. 1.]
 [0. 1.]
 ...
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]]

# load the VGG16 network, ensuring the head FC layer sets are left
# off
baseModel = VGG16(weights="imagenet", include_top=False,
	input_tensor=Input(shape=(224, 224, 3)))
# construct the head of the model that will be placed on top of the
# the base model
headModel = baseModel.output
headModel = AveragePooling2D(pool_size=(4, 4))(headModel)
headModel = Flatten(name="flatten")(headModel)
headModel = Dense(64, activation="relu")(headModel)
headModel = Dropout(0.5)(headModel)
headModel = Dense(2, activation="softmax")(headModel)
# place the head FC model on top of the base model (this will become
# the actual model we will train)
model = Model(inputs=baseModel.input, outputs=headModel)
# loop over all layers in the base model and freeze them so they will
# *not* be updated during the first training process
for layer in baseModel.layers:
	layer.trainable = False

# compile our model
print("[INFO] compiling model...")
opt = Adam(lr=INIT_LR, decay=INIT_LR / EPOCHS)
model.compile(loss="binary_crossentropy", optimizer=opt,
	metrics=["accuracy"])
# train the head of the network
print("[INFO] training head...")
H = model.fit_generator(
	trainAug.flow(trainX, trainY, batch_size=BS),
	steps_per_epoch=len(trainX) // BS,
	validation_data=(testX, testY),
	validation_steps=len(testX) // BS,
	epochs=EPOCHS)

# make predictions on the testing set
print("[INFO] evaluating network...")
predIdxs = model.predict(testX, batch_size=BS)
# for each image in the testing set we need to find the index of the
# label with corresponding largest predicted probability
predIdxs = np.argmax(predIdxs, axis=1)
# show a nicely formatted classification report
print(classification_report(testY.argmax(axis=1), predIdxs,
	target_names=lb.classes_))

# compute the confusion matrix and and use it to derive the raw
# accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity
cm = confusion_matrix(testY.argmax(axis=1), predIdxs)
total = sum(sum(cm))
acc = (cm[0, 0] + cm[1, 1]) / total
sensitivity = cm[0, 0] / (cm[0, 0] + cm[0, 1])
specificity = cm[1, 1] / (cm[1, 0] + cm[1, 1])
# show the confusion matrix, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity
print(cm)
print("acc: {:.4f}".format(acc))
print("sensitivity: {:.4f}".format(sensitivity))
print("specificity: {:.4f}".format(specificity))

• Kami menghasilkan matriks ketidakakuratan.
  
• Dengan bantuannya, kami menghitung akurasi, sensitivitas, dan spesifisitas dengan mencetak semua metrik ini.

# plot the training loss and accuracy
N = EPOCHS
plt.style.use("ggplot")
plt.figure()
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["loss"], label="train_loss")
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["val_loss"], label="val_loss")
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["accuracy"], label="train_acc")
plt.plot(np.arange(0, N), H.history["val_accuracy"], label="val_acc")
plt.title("Training Loss and Accuracy on COVID-19 Dataset")
plt.xlabel("Epoch #")
plt.ylabel("Loss/Accuracy")
plt.legend(loc="lower left")
plt.savefig(args["plot"])

# serialize the model to disk
print("[INFO] saving COVID-19 detector model...")
model.save(args["model"], save_format="h5")

Pelatihan pendeteksi

$ python train_covid19.py --dataset dataset
[INFO] loading images...
[INFO] compiling model...
[INFO] training head...
Epoch 1/25
5/5 [==============================] - 20s 4s/step - loss: 0.7169 - accuracy: 0.6000 - val_loss: 0.6590 - val_accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 2/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 86ms/step - loss: 0.8088 - accuracy: 0.4250 - val_loss: 0.6112 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 3/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 99ms/step - loss: 0.6809 - accuracy: 0.5500 - val_loss: 0.6054 - val_accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 4/25
5/5 [==============================] - 1s 100ms/step - loss: 0.6723 - accuracy: 0.6000 - val_loss: 0.5771 - val_accuracy: 0.6000
...
Epoch 22/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 99ms/step - loss: 0.3271 - accuracy: 0.9250 - val_loss: 0.2902 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 23/25
5/5 [==============================] - 0s 99ms/step - loss: 0.3634 - accuracy: 0.9250 - val_loss: 0.2690 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 24/25
5/5 [==============================] - 27s 5s/step - loss: 0.3175 - accuracy: 0.9250 - val_loss: 0.2395 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
Epoch 25/25
5/5 [==============================] - 1s 101ms/step - loss: 0.3655 - accuracy: 0.8250 - val_loss: 0.2522 - val_accuracy: 0.9000
[INFO] evaluating network...
              precision    recall  f1-score   support
       covid       0.83      1.00      0.91         5
      normal       1.00      0.80      0.89         5
    accuracy                           0.90        10
   macro avg       0.92      0.90      0.90        10
weighted avg       0.92      0.90      0.90        10
[[5 0]
 [1 4]]
acc: 0.9000
sensitivity: 1.0000
specificity: 0.8000
[INFO] saving COVID-19 detector model...

Diagnosis otomatis COVID-19 sesuai dengan hasil fluorografi

• Pasien yang terinfeksi benar-benar diakui dalam 100% kasus.
  
• Pasien sehat diakui sehat dengan probabilitas 80%.

Keterbatasan, peningkatan, dan pekerjaan di masa depan

Apa berikutnya?

Ringkasan

• Kami memilih 25 gambar dari dataset Cohen, hanya memilih tampilan posterior-anterior (PA) dan diagnosis yang dikonfirmasi.
  
• Kemudian 25 gambar pasien sehat dipilih dari satu set data dengan gambar fluorografi Kaggle (pneumonia) .