Dari kesalahan hingga peringatan dengan tindakan

• Tambahkan Fungsi ke Jenis Kesalahan
• Ubah kesalahan menjadi peringatan ramah pengguna
• Kami menampilkan tindakan lebih lanjut yang mungkin dalam antarmuka dan memproses klik mereka

final class FeedViewController: UIViewController {
  // -   

	func handleFeedResponse(...) {
	/// -    
	if let error = error {
		let alertVC = UIAlertController(
			title: "Error",
			message: "Error connecting to the server",
			preferredStyle: .alert)
		let action = UIAlertAction(title: "OK", style: .default, handler: nil)
		alertVC.addAction(action)
		self.present(alertVC, animated: true, completion: nil)
	}
}

• Kami tidak memberikan kesempatan untuk beralih dari skenario yang salah ke skenario yang sukses. OK dalam kasus saat ini, itu hanya menyembunyikan peringatan - dan ini bukan solusi
• Dari sudut pandang pengalaman pengguna, teks perlu dibuat lebih jelas, netral. Agar pengguna tidak takut dan tidak lari untuk menempatkan satu bintang di AppStore ke aplikasi Anda. Dalam hal ini, teks terperinci akan bermanfaat bagi kami saat melakukan debugging
• Dan, sejujurnya - peringatan agak ketinggalan jaman sebagai solusi (semakin, layar tiruan atau bersulang muncul di aplikasi). Tetapi ini sudah merupakan pertanyaan yang harus dibahas secara terpisah dengan tim

• Harus bisa diperluas. Kita semua tahu tentang variabilitas desain yang melekat. Mekanisme kami harus siap untuk apa pun
• Itu ditambahkan ke objek (dan dihapus) dalam beberapa baris kode
• Teruji dengan baik

Kesalahan dalam Swift

public protocol Error {
}

public enum DecodingError : Error {
    
        /// ,     . 
    	///  ,    
        public struct Context {
    
    	    ///      
            public let codingPath: [CodingKey]
            public let debugDescription: String
    
    	    /// ,    . 
            ///      .   
            public let underlyingError: Error?
    
            public init(codingPath: [CodingKey], debugDescription: String, underlyingError: Error? = nil)
        }
    
    	/// N    
        case typeMismatch(Any.Type, DecodingError.Context)
        case valueNotFound(Any.Type, DecodingError.Context)
    
    ...

enum NetworkError: Error {
       //  500 
	case serverError
        //   ,   
	case responseError
        //  ,   ,  
	case internetError
}

func blah() -> String throws {
    	throw NetworkError.serverError
    }
    
    do {
    	let string = try blah()
    	//     ,      
    	let anotherString = try blah()
    } catch {
    	//  NetworkError.serverError
    	print(error)
    }
    
    //  string = nil
    let string = try? blah()

func blah<ResultType>(handler: @escaping (Swift.Result<ResultType, Error>) -> Void) {
	handler(.failure(NetworkError.serverError)
}

blah<String>(handler { result in 
	switch result {
		case .success(let value):
			print(value)
		case .failure(let error):
			print(error)
	}
})

• Kesalahan dalam Swift adalah protokol
• Lebih mudah untuk menyajikan kesalahan sebagai enum
• Ada dua cara untuk mengatasi kesalahan - sinkron (lakukan tangkapan) dan asinkron (persaingan atau Hasil Anda sendiri)

Teks salah

enum NetworkError: Error {
        //  500 
	case serverError
        //   ,   
	case responseError
        //  ,   ,  
	case internetError
}

protocol LocalizedError : Error {
    var errorDescription: String? { get }
    var failureReason: String? { get }
    var recoverySuggestion: String? { get }
    var helpAnchor: String? { get }
}

extension NetworkError: LocalizedError {
    	var errorDescription: String? {
            switch self {
            case .serverError, .responseError:
                return "Error"
    	    case .internetError:
                return "No Internet Connection"
            }
        }
    
        var failureReason: String? {
            switch self {
            case .serverError, .responseError:
                return "Something went wrong"
    	    case .internetError:
                return nil
            }
        }
    
        var recoverySuggestion: String? {
            switch self {
            case .serverError, .responseError:
                return "Please, try again"
    	    case .internetError:
                return "Please check your internet connection and try again"
            }
        }
    }

	if let error = error {
		let errorMessage = [error.failureReason, error.recoverySuggestion].compactMap({ $0 }).joined(separator: ". ")
		let alertVC = UIAlertController(
			title: error.errorDescription,
			message: errorMessage,
			preferredStyle: .alert)
		let action = UIAlertAction(title: "OK", style: .default) { (_) -> Void in }
		alertVC.addAction(action)
		self.present(alertVC, animated: true, competion: nil)

Kesalahan pemulihan

struct RecovableAction {
    	let title: String
    	let action: () -> Void
    }
    
    func showRecovableOptions(actions: [RecovableAction], from viewController: UIViewController) {
    	let alertActions = actions.map { UIAlertAction(name: $0.title, action: $0.action) }
    	let cancelAction = UIAlertAction(name: "Cancel", action: nil)
    	let alertController = UIAlertController(actions: alertActions)
    	viewController.present(alertController, complition: nil)
    }

func handleError(error: Error) {
	if error is RecovableError {
		showRecovableOptions(actions: error.actions, from: viewController)
		return
	}
	showErrorAlert(...)
} 

struct RecovableError: Error {
	let recovableACtions: [RecovableAction]
	let context: Context
}

Implementasi asli?

// A specialized error that may be recoverable by presenting several potential recovery options to the user.
protocol RecoverableError : Error {
    var recoveryOptions: [String] { get }

    func attemptRecovery(optionIndex recoveryOptionIndex: Int, resultHandler handler: @escaping (Bool) -> Void)
    func attemptRecovery(optionIndex recoveryOptionIndex: Int) -> Bool
}

• recoveryOptions: [String] - properti yang menyimpan opsi pemulihan
• func effortRecovery (optionIndex: Int) -> Bool - mengembalikan dari kesalahan, secara sinkron. Benar - Sukses
• func effortRecovery (optionIndex: Int, resultHandler: (Bool) -> Void) - Opsi asinkron, idenya sama

• Mekanisme ini dipikirkan untuk aplikasi MacO dan memperlihatkan kotak dialog
• Awalnya dibangun di sekitar NSError.
• Objek RecoveryAttempter diringkas di dalam kesalahan dalam userInfo, yang tahu tentang kondisi kesalahan dan dapat memilih solusi terbaik untuk masalah tersebut. Objek tidak boleh nol
• RecoveryAttempter harus mendukung protokol informal NSErrorRecoveryAttempting
• Juga di userInfo harus menjadi opsi pemulihan
• Dan semuanya terkait dengan memanggil metode presentError, yang hanya ada di macOS SDK. Dia menunjukkan peringatan
• Jika peringatan ditampilkan melalui presentError, maka ketika Anda memilih opsi di jendela pop-up di AppDelegate, fungsi yang menarik berkedut:

func attemptRecovery(fromError error: Error, optionIndex recoveryOptionIndex: Int, delegate: Any?, didRecoverSelector: Selector?, contextInfo: UnsafeMutableRawPointer?)

Membangun sepeda

struct RecoverableError: Foundation.RecoverableError {
	let error: Error
	var recoveryOptions: [String] {
		return ["Try again"]s
	}
	
	func attemptRecovery(optionIndex recoveryOptionIndex: Int) -> Bool {
		//  ,    
		return true
	}
	
	func attemptRecovery(optionIndex: Int, resultHandler: (Bool) -> Void) {
		//      . 
               //      
		switch optionIndex {
			case 0:
				resultHandler(true)
			default: 
				resultHandler(false)
	}
}

struct RecoveryAttemper {
    	//   
    	private let _recoveryOptions: [RecoveryOptions]
    
    	var recoveryOptionsText: [String] {
    		return _recoveryOptions.map({ $0.title })
    	}
    
    	init(options: [RecoveryOptions] {
    		_recoveryOptions = recoveryOptions
    	}
    
    	//    
    	func attemptRecovery(fromError error: Error, optionIndex: Int) -> Bool {
    		let option = _recoveryOptions[optionIndex]
    				switch option {
    				case .tryAgain(let action)
    					action()
    					return true
    				case .cancel:
    					return false
    				}
    		}
    }
    
    //  enum,       
    enum RecoveryOptions {
    	//      (,     )
    	case tryAgain(action: (() -> Void))
    	case cancel
    }

protocol ErrorAlertCreatable: class, ErrorReasonExtractable {
    	//     
    	func createAlert(for error: Error) -> UIAlertController
    }
    
    // MARK: - Default implementation
    extension ErrorAlertCreatable where Self: UIViewController {
    	func createAlert(for error: Error) -> UIAlertController {
    		//      
    		if let recoverableError = error as? RecoverableError {
    			return createRecoverableAlert(for: recoverableError)
    		}
    		let defaultTitle = "Error"
    		let description = errorReason(from: error)
    
    		//          
    		if let localizedError = error as? LocalizedError {
    			return createAlert(
    				title: localizedError.errorDescription ?? defaultTitle,
    				message: description,
    				actions: [.okAction],
    				aboveAll: aboveAll)
    		}
    
    		return createAlert(title: defaultTitle, message: description, actions: [.okAction])
    	}
    
    	fileprivate func createAlert(title: String?, message: String?, actions: [UIAlertAction]) -> UIAlertController {
    		let alertViewController = UIAlertController(title: title, message: message, preferredStyle: .alert)
    		actions.forEach({ alertViewController.addAction($0) })
    		return alertViewController
    	}
    
    	fileprivate func createRecoverableAlert(for recoverableError: RecoverableError) -> UIAlertController {
    		let title = recoverableError.errorDescription
    		let message = recoverableError.recoverySuggestion
    		//     . 
    		let actions = recoverableError.recoveryOptions.enumerated().map { (element) -> UIAlertAction in
    		let style: UIAlertAction.Style = element.offset == 0 ? .cancel : .default
    		return UIAlertAction(title: element.element, style: style) { _ in
    			recoverableError.attemptRecovery(optionIndex: element.offset)
    		      }
    		}
    		return createAlert(title: title, message: message, actions: actions)
    	}
    
    	func createOKAlert(with text: String) -> UIAlertController {
    		return createAlert(title: text, message: nil, actions: [.okAction])
    	}
    }
    
    extension ERror
    
    //     ok
    extension UIAlertAction {
    	static let okAction = UIAlertAction(title: "OK", style: .cancel) { (_) -> Void in }
    }
    
    //    
    protocol ErrorReasonExtractable {
    	func errorReason(from error: Error) -> String?
    }
    
    // MARK: - Default implementation
    extension ErrorReasonExtractable {
    	func errorReason(from error: Error) -> String? {
    		if let localizedError = error as? LocalizedError {
    			return localizedError.recoverySuggestion
    		}
    		return "Something bad happened. Please try again"
    	}
    }

protocol ErrorAlertPresentable: class {
	func presentAlert(from error: Error)
}

// MARK: - Default implementation
extension ErrorAlertPresentable where Self: ErrorAlertCreatable & UIViewController {
	func presentAlert(from error: Error) {
		let alertVC = createAlert(for: error)
		present(alertVC, animated: true, completion: nil)
	}
}

protocol ViewControllerInput: class {
     //  
    }
    extension ViewControllerInput: ErrorAlertPresentable { }
    
    extension ViewController: ErrorAlertCreatable { }
    //  ,         ,    
    //    
    
    //       "",    ErrorAlertPresentable      . 
    extension ViewController: ErrorToastCreatable { }

func requestFeed(...) {
    		service.requestObject { [weak self] (result) in
    			guard let `self` = self else { return }
    			switch result {
    			case .success:
    				break
    			case .failure(let error):
    				//           
    				// -     (   viewController)  ,
    				//    .     tryAgainOption 
    				let tryAgainOption = RecoveryOptions.tryAgain {
    					self.requestFeed(...)
    				}
    				let recoveryOptions = [tryAgainOption]
    				let attempter = RecoveryAttemper(recoveryOptions: recoveryOptions)
    				let recovableError = RecoverableError(error: error, attempter: attempter)
    				self.presentAlert(from: recovableError)
    			}
    		}
    	}
    
    // MARK: - ErrorAlertCreatable
    extension ViewController: ErrorAlertCreatable { }
    
    // MARK: - ErrorAlertPresentable
    extension ViewController: ErrorAlertPresentable { }

struct RecoveryAttemper {
    	//
    	...
    	//
    	static func tryAgainAttempter(block: @escaping (() -> Void)) -> Self {
    		return RecoveryAttemper(recoveryOptions: [.cancel, .tryAgain(action: block)])
    	}
    }
    
    
    func requestFeed() {
    		service.requestObject { [weak self] (result) in
    			guard let `self` = self else { return }
    			switch result {
    			case .success:
    				break
    			case .failure(let error):
    				//    
    				let recovableError = RecoverableError(error: error, attempter: .tryAgainAttempter(block: {
    					self.requestFeed()
    				}))
    				self.presentAlert(from: recovableError)
    			}
    		}
    	}

Bagaimana jika kita memiliki beberapa skenario keluar?

//  
    func runOutOfSpace() {
    		service.runOfSpace { [weak self] (result) in
    			guard let `self` = self else { return }
    			switch result {
    			case .success:
    				break
    			case .failure(let error):
    				let notEnoughSpace = RecoveryOptions.freeSpace {
    					self.freeSpace()
    				}
    
    				let buyMoreSpace = RecoveryOptions.buyMoreSpace {
    					self.buyMoreSpace()
    				}
    				let options = [notEnoughSpace, buyMoreSpace]
    				let recovableError = RecoverableError(error: error, attempter: .cancalableAttemter(options: options))
    				self.presentAlert(from: recovableError)
    			}
    		}
    	}
    
    	func freeSpace() {
    		let alertViewController = createOKAlert(with: "Free space selected")
    		present(alertViewController, animated: true, completion: nil)
    	}
    
    	func buyMoreSpace() {
    		let alertViewController = createOKAlert(with: "Buy more space selected")
    		present(alertViewController, animated: true, completion: nil)
    	}
    
    
    struct RecoveryAttemper {
    	//
    	...
    	//
    	static func cancalableAttemter(options: [RecoveryOptions]) -> Self {
    		return RecoveryAttemper(recoveryOptions: [.cancel] + options)
    	}
    }

Jika kita ingin menunjukkan bukan peringatan, tetapi tampilan informasi di tengah layar?

protocol ErrorViewCreatable {
    	func createErrorView(for error: Error) -> ErrorView
    }
    
    // MARK: - Default implementation
    extension ErrorViewCreatable {
    	func createErrorView(for error: Error) -> ErrorView {
    		if let recoverableError = error as? RecoverableError {
    			return createRecoverableAlert(for: recoverableError)
    		}
    
    		let defaultTitle = "Error"
    		let description = errorReason(from: error)
    		if let localizedError = error as? LocalizedError {
    			return createErrorView(
    				title: localizedError.errorDescription ?? defaultTitle,
    				message: description)
    		}
    		return createErrorView(title: defaultTitle, message: description)
    		}
    
    	fileprivate func createErrorView(title: String?, message: String?, actions: [ErrorView.Action] = []) -> ErrorView {
    		//  ErrorView        . 
                //     github
    		return ErrorView(title: title, description: message, actions: actions)
    	}
    
    	fileprivate func createRecoverableAlert(for recoverableError: RecoverableError) -> ErrorView {
    		let title = recoverableError.errorDescription
    		let message = errorReason(from: recoverableError)
    		let actions = recoverableError.recoveryOptions.enumerated().map { (element) -> ErrorView.Action in
    			return ErrorView.Action(title: element.element) {
    				recoverableError.attemptRecovery(optionIndex: element.offset)
    			}
    		}
    		return createErrorView(title: title, message: message, actions: actions)
    	}
    }

protocol ErrorViewAddable: class {
    	func presentErrorView(from error: Error)
    
    	var errorViewSuperview: UIView { get }
    }
    
    // MARK: - Default implementation
    extension ErrorViewAddable where Self: ErrorViewCreatable {
    	func presentErrorView(from error: Error) {
    		let errorView = createErrorView(for: error)
    		errorViewSuperview.addSubview(errorView)
    		errorView.center = errorViewSuperview.center
    	}
    }
    
    
    //    
    
    // MARK: - ErrorAlertCreatable
    extension ViewController: ErrorViewCreatable { }
    
    // MARK: - ErrorAlertPresentable
    extension ViewController: ErrorViewAddable {
    	var errorViewSuperview: UIView {
    		return self
    	}
    }

Jika tidak ada akses ke tampilan?

@UIApplicationMain
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {

	//   –   . 
	//              DI
	static private(set) var errorWindow: UIWindow = {
		let alertWindow = UIWindow.init(frame: UIScreen.main.bounds)
		alertWindow.backgroundColor = .clear

		//  rootViewController,    present   viewController
		let viewController = UIViewController()
		viewController.view.backgroundColor = .clear
		alertWindow.rootViewController = viewController

		return alertWindow
	}()

final class AboveAllAlertController: UIAlertController {
	var alertWindow: UIWindow {
		return AppDelegate.alertWindow
	}

	func show() {
		let topWindow = UIApplication.shared.windows.last
		if let topWindow = topWindow {
			alertWindow.windowLevel = topWindow.windowLevel + 1
		}

		alertWindow.makeKeyAndVisible()
		alertWindow.rootViewController?.present(self, animated: true, completion: nil)
	}

	override func viewWillDisappear(_ animated: Bool) {
		super.viewWillDisappear(animated)

		alertWindow.isHidden = true
	}
}

protocol ErrorAlertCreatable: class {
    	//      
    	func createAlert(for error: Error, aboveAll: Bool) -> UIAlertController
    }
    
    // MARK: - Default implementation
    extension ErrorAlertCreatable where Self: UIViewController {
    	...
    	//     
    	fileprivate func createAlert(title: String?, message: String?, actions: [UIAlertAction], aboveAll: Bool) -> UIAlertController {
    		let alertViewController = aboveAll ?
    			AboveAllAlertController(title: title, message: message, preferredStyle: .alert) :
    			UIAlertController(title: title, message: message, preferredStyle: .alert)
    		actions.forEach({ alertViewController.addAction($0) })
    		return alertViewController
    	}
    }
    
    //     
    protocol ErrorAlertPresentable: class {
    	func presentAlert(from error: Error)
    	func presentAlertAboveAll(from error: Error)
    }
    
    // MARK: - Default implementation
    extension ErrorAlertPresentable where Self: ErrorAlertCreatable & UIViewController {
    	func presentAlert(from error: Error) {
    		let alertVC = createAlert(for: error, aboveAll: false)
    		present(alertVC, animated: true, completion: nil)
    	}
    
    	func presentAlertAboveAll(from error: Error) {
    		let alertVC = createAlert(for: error, aboveAll: true)
    		//         
    		if let alertVC = alertVC as? AboveAllAlertController {
    			alertVC.show()
    			return
    		}
    		//    ,  - 
    		assert(false, "Should create AboveAllAlertController")
    		present(alertVC, animated: true, completion: nil)
    	}
    }

Waktu permintaan minimum

final class DelayOperation: AsyncOperation {
	private let _delayTime: Double

	init(delayTime: Double = 0.3) {
		_delayTime = delayTime
	}
	override func main() {
		super.main()

		DispatchQueue.global().asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + _delayTime) {
			self.state = .finished
		}
	}
}
		
// -  
let flowListOperation = flowService.list(for: pageID, path: path, limiter: limiter)
let handler = createHandler(for: flowListOperation)
let delayOperation = DelayOperation(delayTime: 0.5)
///  >>>  addDependency. 
[flowListOperation, delayOperation] >>> handler
operationQueue.addOperations([flowListOperation, delayOperation, handler])

//  global      
DispatchQueue.global().asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.15) {
    // your code here
}

struct Task {
    	let closure: () -> Void
    
    	private var _delayTime: Double?
    
    	init(closure: @escaping () -> Void) {
    		self.closure = closure
    	}
    
    	fileprivate init(closure: @escaping () -> Void, time: Double) {
    		self.closure = closure
    		_delayTime = time
    	}
    
    	@discardableResult
    	func run() -> Self {
    		if let delayTime = _delayTime {
    			DispatchQueue.global().asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + delayTime) {
    				self.closure()
    			}
    			return self
    		}
    		closure()
    		return self
    	}
    
    	func delayedTask(time: Double) -> Self {
    		return Task(closure: closure, time: time)
    	}
    }
    
    //    
    func requestObject(completionHandler: @escaping ((Result<Bool, Error>) -> Void)) -> Task {
    		return Task {
    			completionHandler(.failure(NetworkError.internetError))
    		}
    			.delayedTask(time: 0.5)
    		.run()
    	}

Testabilitas

func requestFeed() {
		service.requestObject { [weak self] (result) in
			guard let `self` = self else { return }
			switch result {
			case .success:
				break
			case .failure(let error):
				DispatchQueue.main.async {
					let recoverableError = RecoverableError(error: error, attempter: .tryAgainAttempter(block: {
						self.requestFeed()
					}))
					//     
					self.viewInput?.presentAlert(from: recoverableError)
				}
			}
		}
	}

// -  
func testRequestFeedFailed() {
	// Put out mock that conform to AlertPresntable protocol
	controller.viewInput = ViewInputMock()

	//  .    ,    
	//    expectation
	controller.requestFeed()

	// Our mocked object should save to true to bool variable when method called
	XCTAssert(controller.viewInput.presentAlertCalled)
	// Next we could compare recoverable error attempter to expected attempter
}

• Membuat mekanisme yang nyaman untuk menampilkan peringatan
• Memberi pengguna opsi untuk mencoba kembali operasi yang gagal
• Dan mencoba meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna dengan aplikasi kami