Vitamin B12: cara mengetahui tingkat Anda dan di mana penuaan otak

Hari ini tim Lifext akan memberi tahu:


  • Bagaimana vitamin B12 ditemukan;
  • Apa demi ini pasien pertama harus bertahan;
  • Seperti apa dia dan dari mana asalnya;
  • Apa peran yang dimainkan oleh penuaan dalam kesehatan kognitif manusia?
  • Mengapa tubuh kita tidak menyerap yang disintesis di dalamnya;
  • Dalam hal ini Anda perlu mengikuti tes;
  • Makanan apa yang ada dan apakah akan mengambil suplemen;

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Selamat membaca!




Sejarah: Anemia, Hati Mentah, dan Anjing Anemik


Sejarah vitamin B12 dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke-19. Dokter Inggris Thomas Addison untuk pertama kalinya menggambarkan suatu penyakit yang ditandai oleh anemia, kelemahan, kondisi pingsan, lidah merah yang dipernis, dan pada tahap selanjutnya menyebabkan kerusakan pada otak dan sumsum tulang belakang. Pada saat itu, tidak ada obat untuk penyakit itu, dan penyakit itu secara bertahap menyebabkan kematian. Namanya: anemia pernisiosa atau pernisiosa.

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[1] Iordan EP, Petukhova NI, Vorob'eva LI. Effect of cobalamin derivatives on DNA synthesis in cells of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki. 1987;(1):5-10.
[2] O’Leary, F.; Samman, S. Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2010, 2, 299-316
[3] N Sethi, E Robilotti, Y Sadan. Neurological Manifestations Of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness. 2004 Volume 2 Number 1.
[4]Uwe Gröber, Klaus Kisters, Joachim Schmidt1 Neuroenhancement with Vitamin B12—Underestimated Neurological Significance. Nutrients. 2013 Dec; 5(12): 5031–5045.
[5] Alejandra M. Wiedeman, Susan I. Barr, Timothy J. Green, Zhaoming Xu, Sheila M. Innis,1, David D. Kitts, Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle.Nutrients. 2018 Oct; 10(10): 1513.
[6] Apolline Imbard, Jean-François Benoist, Henk J. Blom Neural Tube Defects, Folic Acid and Methylation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013 Sep; 10(9): 4352–4389.
[7] Martha Sibrian-Vazquez, Jorge O. Escobedo, Soojin Lim, George K. Samoei, and Robert M. Strongin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12; 107(2): 551–554.
[8] Health Quality Ontario Vitamin B12 and Cognitive Function. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2013; 13(23): 1–45.
[9]C.C. Tangney, corresponding author N.T. Aggarwal, H. Li, R.S. Wilson, C. DeCarli, D.A. Evans, M.C. Morris Vitamin B12, cognition, and brain MRI measures. Neurology. 2011 Sep 27; 77(13): 1276–1282.
[10] Niranjan N Singh Vitamin B-12 Associated Neurological Diseases. Oct 22, 2018 Medscape. Neurology.
[11] Kamil Piwowarek,corresponding author Edyta Lipińska, Elżbieta Hać-Szymańczuk, Marek Kieliszek, Iwona Ścibisz Propionibacterium spp.—source of propionic acid, vitamin B12, and other metabolites important for the industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018; 102(2): 515–538.
[14] Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline.
[12] Conclusions of a WHO Technical Consultation on folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies
[13]Frequently Asked Questions for Industry on Nutrition Facts Labeling Requirements
[15]U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREAgricultural Research Service
[16]Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for cobalamin (Vitamin B12) EFSA J. 2015;13:4150.
[17] Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. 1998.
[18]Gibson A, Woodside JV, Young IS, et al. Alcohol increases homocysteine and reduces B vitamin concentration in healthy male volunteers--a randomized, crossover intervention study. QJM. 2008;101(11):881–887. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn112
[19]Pawlak, R., Lester, S. & Babatunde, T. , B12 : . Eur J Clin Nutr 68, 541–548 (2014). doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.46
[20]Majumder S1, Soriano J, Louie Cruz A, Dasanu CA. Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: preventive strategies and key recommendations. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013 Nov-Dec;9(6):1013-9. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.04.017
[21]Helen E Gabriel, Jimmy W Crott, Haifa Ghandour, Gerard E Dallal, Sang-Woon Choi, Mary K Keyes, Hyeran Jang, Zhenhua Liu, Marie Nadeau, Abbey Johnston, Donna Mager, Joel B Mason, Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with diminished folate status, altered folate form distribution, and increased genetic damage in the buccal mucosa of healthy adults, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 83, Issue 4, April 2006, Pages 835–841, doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.4.835
[22]Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, et al. Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754–1761. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3754
[23] Linda Sharp, Julian Little From the Epidemiology Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. Received for publication April 2, 2003; accepted for publication September 17, 2003.
[24]Robert Clarke, J. Grimley Evans, J. Schneede, E. Nexo, C. Bates, A. Fletcher, A. Prentice, C. Johnston, P. M. Ueland, H. Refsum, P. Sherliker, J. Birks, G. Whitlock, E. Breeze, J. M. Scott, Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life, Age and Ageing, Volume 33, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 34–41, doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afg109
[25]Nexo E, Hoffmann-Lücke E. Holotranscobalamin, a marker of vitamin B-12 status: analytical aspects and clinical utility. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(1):359S–365S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013458
[26]V Herbert, Staging vitamin B−12 (cobalamin) status in vegetarians, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 59, Issue 5, May 1994, Pages 1213S–1222S, doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1213S
[27]Hannibal L, Lysne V, Bjørke-Monsen AL, et al. Biomarkers and Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency [published correction appears in Front Mol Biosci. 2017 Aug 08;4:53]. Front Mol Biosci. 2016;3:27. Published 2016 Jun 27. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2016.00027
[28]Robert Clarke, Helga Refsum, Jacqueline Birks, John Grimley Evans, Carole Johnston, Paul Sherliker, Per M Ueland, Joern Schneede, Joseph McPartlin, Ebba Nexo, John M Scott, Screening for vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency in older persons, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 77, Issue 5, May 2003, Pages 1241–1247, doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1241
[29]Iqbal N1, Azar D, Yun YM, Ghausi O, Ix J, Fitzgerald RL. Serum methylmalonic acid and holotranscobalamin-II as markers for vitamin B12 deficiency in end-stage renal disease patients. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2013 Summer;43(3):243-9.
[30]Jarquin Campos A, Risch L, Nydegger U, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Holotranscobalamin, Vitamin B12, Methylmalonic Acid, and Homocysteine in Detecting B12 Deficiency in a Large, Mixed Patient Population. Dis Markers. 2020;2020:7468506. Published 2020 Feb 7. doi:10.1155/2020/7468506


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