Pemrograman Berorientasi Protokol dalam Swift 5.1

• memahami perbedaan antara pemrograman berorientasi objek dan pemrograman berorientasi;
• memahami implementasi protokol standar;
• Pelajari cara memperluas fungsi pustaka Swift standar;
• Pelajari cara memperluas protokol dengan obat generik.

Mulai

Seperti apa pemrograman berorientasi protokol?

Mari kita lakukan kodenya

protocol Bird {
  var name: String { get }
  var canFly: Bool { get }
}

protocol Flyable {
  var airspeedVelocity: Double { get }
}

Tentukan jenis yang sesuai dengan protokol

struct FlappyBird: Bird, Flyable {
  let name: String
  let flappyAmplitude: Double
  let flappyFrequency: Double
  let canFly = true

  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    3 * flappyFrequency * flappyAmplitude
  }
}

struct Penguin: Bird {
  let name: String
  let canFly = false
}

struct SwiftBird: Bird, Flyable {
  var name: String { "Swift \(version)" }
  let canFly = true
  let version: Double
  private var speedFactor = 1000.0
  
  init(version: Double) {
    self.version = version
  }

  // Swift is FASTER with each version!
  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    version * speedFactor
  }
}

Memperluas protokol dengan perilaku default

extension Bird {
  // Flyable birds can fly!
  var canFly: Bool { self is Flyable }
}

Mari kita lakukan transfer

enum UnladenSwallow: Bird, Flyable {
  case african
  case european
  case unknown
  
  var name: String {
    switch self {
    case .african:
      return "African"
    case .european:
      return "European"
    case .unknown:
      return "What do you mean? African or European?"
    }
  }
  
  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    switch self {
    case .african:
      return 10.0
    case .european:
      return 9.9
    case .unknown:
      fatalError("You are thrown from the bridge of death!")
    }
  }
}

Mengganti perilaku default

extension UnladenSwallow {
  var canFly: Bool {
    self != .unknown
  }
}

UnladenSwallow.unknown.canFly         // false
UnladenSwallow.african.canFly         // true
Penguin(name: "King Penguin").canFly  // false

Protokol yang berkembang

protocol Bird: CustomStringConvertible {
  var name: String { get }
  var canFly: Bool { get }
}

extension CustomStringConvertible where Self: Bird {
  var description: String {
    canFly ? "I can fly" : "Guess I'll just sit here :["
  }
}

Protokol di Perpustakaan Standar Swift

let numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
let slice = numbers[1...3]
let reversedSlice = slice.reversed()

let answer = reversedSlice.map { $0 * 10 }
print(answer)

Pada tanda Anda

class Motorcycle {
  init(name: String) {
    self.name = name
    speed = 200.0
  }

  var name: String
  var speed: Double
}

Menyatukan semuanya

// 1
protocol Racer {
  var speed: Double { get }  // speed is the only thing racers care about
}

// 2
extension FlappyBird: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    airspeedVelocity
  }
}

extension SwiftBird: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    airspeedVelocity
  }
}

extension Penguin: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    42  // full waddle speed
  }
}

extension UnladenSwallow: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    canFly ? airspeedVelocity : 0.0
  }
}

extension Motorcycle: Racer {}

// 3
let racers: [Racer] =
  [UnladenSwallow.african,
   UnladenSwallow.european,
   UnladenSwallow.unknown,
   Penguin(name: "King Penguin"),
   SwiftBird(version: 5.1),
   FlappyBird(name: "Felipe", flappyAmplitude: 3.0, flappyFrequency: 20.0),
   Motorcycle(name: "Giacomo")]

Kecepatan tertinggi

func topSpeed(of racers: [Racer]) -> Double {
  racers.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
}

topSpeed(of: racers) // 5100

Menjadikan fungsi lebih umum

// 1
func topSpeed<RacersType: Sequence>(of racers: RacersType) -> Double
    /*2*/ where RacersType.Iterator.Element == Racer {
  // 3
  racers.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
}

1. RacersType adalah tipe argumen umum dari fungsi kita. Itu bisa apa saja yang sesuai dengan protokol Sequence.
2. di mana menentukan bahwa konten Sequence harus mematuhi protokol Racer.
3. Tubuh fungsi itu sendiri tetap tidak berubah.

topSpeed(of: racers[1...3]) // 42

Membuat fungsi lebih "cepat"

extension Sequence where Iterator.Element == Racer {
  func topSpeed() -> Double {
    self.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
  }
}

racers.topSpeed()        // 5100
racers[1...3].topSpeed() // 42

Pembanding Protokol

protocol Score {
  var value: Int { get }
}

struct RacingScore: Score {
  let value: Int
}

protocol Score: Comparable {
  var value: Int { get }
}

struct RacingScore: Score {
  let value: Int
  
  static func <(lhs: RacingScore, rhs: RacingScore) -> Bool {
    lhs.value < rhs.value
  }
}

RacingScore(value: 150) >= RacingScore(value: 130) // true

Membuat perubahan pada objek

protocol Cheat {
  mutating func boost(_ power: Double)
}

extension SwiftBird: Cheat {
  mutating func boost(_ power: Double) {
    speedFactor += power
  }
}

var swiftBird = SwiftBird(version: 5.0)
swiftBird.boost(3.0)
swiftBird.airspeedVelocity // 5015
swiftBird.boost(3.0)
swiftBird.airspeedVelocity // 5030

Kesimpulan