Programmation orientée protocole dans Swift 5.1

• comprendre la différence entre la programmation orientée objet et la programmation orientée protocole;
• comprendre les implémentations de protocole standard;
• Découvrez comment étendre les fonctionnalités de la bibliothèque Swift standard;
• Apprenez à étendre les protocoles avec des génériques.

Commencer

À quoi ressemble la programmation orientée protocole?

Faisons le code

protocol Bird {
  var name: String { get }
  var canFly: Bool { get }
}

protocol Flyable {
  var airspeedVelocity: Double { get }
}

Déterminer le type correspondant au protocole

struct FlappyBird: Bird, Flyable {
  let name: String
  let flappyAmplitude: Double
  let flappyFrequency: Double
  let canFly = true

  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    3 * flappyFrequency * flappyAmplitude
  }
}

struct Penguin: Bird {
  let name: String
  let canFly = false
}

struct SwiftBird: Bird, Flyable {
  var name: String { "Swift \(version)" }
  let canFly = true
  let version: Double
  private var speedFactor = 1000.0
  
  init(version: Double) {
    self.version = version
  }

  // Swift is FASTER with each version!
  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    version * speedFactor
  }
}

Extension du protocole avec un comportement par défaut

extension Bird {
  // Flyable birds can fly!
  var canFly: Bool { self is Flyable }
}

Faisons les transferts

enum UnladenSwallow: Bird, Flyable {
  case african
  case european
  case unknown
  
  var name: String {
    switch self {
    case .african:
      return "African"
    case .european:
      return "European"
    case .unknown:
      return "What do you mean? African or European?"
    }
  }
  
  var airspeedVelocity: Double {
    switch self {
    case .african:
      return 10.0
    case .european:
      return 9.9
    case .unknown:
      fatalError("You are thrown from the bridge of death!")
    }
  }
}

Remplacement du comportement par défaut

extension UnladenSwallow {
  var canFly: Bool {
    self != .unknown
  }
}

UnladenSwallow.unknown.canFly         // false
UnladenSwallow.african.canFly         // true
Penguin(name: "King Penguin").canFly  // false

Expansion du protocole

protocol Bird: CustomStringConvertible {
  var name: String { get }
  var canFly: Bool { get }
}

extension CustomStringConvertible where Self: Bird {
  var description: String {
    canFly ? "I can fly" : "Guess I'll just sit here :["
  }
}

Protocoles dans les bibliothèques standard Swift

let numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
let slice = numbers[1...3]
let reversedSlice = slice.reversed()

let answer = reversedSlice.map { $0 * 10 }
print(answer)

À vos marques

class Motorcycle {
  init(name: String) {
    self.name = name
    speed = 200.0
  }

  var name: String
  var speed: Double
}

Mettre tous ensemble

// 1
protocol Racer {
  var speed: Double { get }  // speed is the only thing racers care about
}

// 2
extension FlappyBird: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    airspeedVelocity
  }
}

extension SwiftBird: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    airspeedVelocity
  }
}

extension Penguin: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    42  // full waddle speed
  }
}

extension UnladenSwallow: Racer {
  var speed: Double {
    canFly ? airspeedVelocity : 0.0
  }
}

extension Motorcycle: Racer {}

// 3
let racers: [Racer] =
  [UnladenSwallow.african,
   UnladenSwallow.european,
   UnladenSwallow.unknown,
   Penguin(name: "King Penguin"),
   SwiftBird(version: 5.1),
   FlappyBird(name: "Felipe", flappyAmplitude: 3.0, flappyFrequency: 20.0),
   Motorcycle(name: "Giacomo")]

Vitesse de pointe

func topSpeed(of racers: [Racer]) -> Double {
  racers.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
}

topSpeed(of: racers) // 5100

Rendre la fonction plus générale

// 1
func topSpeed<RacersType: Sequence>(of racers: RacersType) -> Double
    /*2*/ where RacersType.Iterator.Element == Racer {
  // 3
  racers.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
}

1. RacersType est le type d'argument générique de notre fonction. Il peut s'agir de tout ce qui est conforme au protocole Sequence.
2. où détermine que le contenu de la séquence doit être conforme au protocole Racer.
3. Le corps de la fonction elle-même reste inchangé.

topSpeed(of: racers[1...3]) // 42

Rendre la fonction plus «rapide»

extension Sequence where Iterator.Element == Racer {
  func topSpeed() -> Double {
    self.max(by: { $0.speed < $1.speed })?.speed ?? 0.0
  }
}

racers.topSpeed()        // 5100
racers[1...3].topSpeed() // 42

Comparateurs de protocoles

protocol Score {
  var value: Int { get }
}

struct RacingScore: Score {
  let value: Int
}

protocol Score: Comparable {
  var value: Int { get }
}

struct RacingScore: Score {
  let value: Int
  
  static func <(lhs: RacingScore, rhs: RacingScore) -> Bool {
    lhs.value < rhs.value
  }
}

RacingScore(value: 150) >= RacingScore(value: 130) // true

Apporter des modifications à l'objet

protocol Cheat {
  mutating func boost(_ power: Double)
}

extension SwiftBird: Cheat {
  mutating func boost(_ power: Double) {
    speedFactor += power
  }
}

var swiftBird = SwiftBird(version: 5.0)
swiftBird.boost(3.0)
swiftBird.airspeedVelocity // 5015
swiftBird.boost(3.0)
swiftBird.airspeedVelocity // 5030

Conclusion