Single line code or Nethermind validation using PVS-Studio C # for Linux

Introduction

• almost does not spend your time looking for the location of the error (at least it's definitely faster than looking for the failed copy-paste with your eyes)
• does not get tired, unlike a person who after some time of searching will need rest;
• knows a lot of error patterns that a person may not even be aware of;
• uses technologies such as: data flow analysis, symbolic execution, pattern matching, and others;
• allows you to regularly and at any time to analyze;
• etc.

PVS-Studio C # for Linux / macOS

A bit of indignation

private void LogBlockAuthorNicely(Block block, ISyncPeer syncPeer)
{
    string authorString = (block.Author == null ? null : "sealed by " +
(KnownAddresses.GoerliValidators.ContainsKey(block.Author) ?
KnownAddresses.GoerliValidators[block.Author] : block.Author?.ToString())) ??
(block.Beneficiary == null ? string.Empty : "mined by " +
(KnownAddresses.KnownMiners.ContainsKey(block.Beneficiary) ?
KnownAddresses.KnownMiners[block.Beneficiary] : block.Beneficiary?.ToString()));
    if (_logger.IsInfo)
    {
        if (_logger.IsInfo) _logger.Info($"Discovered a new block
{string.Empty.PadLeft(9 - block.Number.ToString().Length, '
')}{block.ToString(Block.Format.HashNumberAndTx)} {authorString}, sent by
{syncPeer:s}");
    }
}

private void BuildTransitions()
{
    ...
    releaseSpec.IsEip1283Enabled = (_chainSpec.Parameters.Eip1283Transition ??
long.MaxValue) <= releaseStartBlock &&
((_chainSpec.Parameters.Eip1283DisableTransition ?? long.MaxValue) 
> releaseStartBlock || (_chainSpec.Parameters.Eip1283ReenableTransition ??
long.MaxValue) <= releaseStartBlock);           
    ...
}

public void 
Will_not_reject_block_with_bad_total_diff_but_will_reset_diff_to_null()
{
    ...
    _syncServer = new SyncServer(new StateDb(), new StateDb(), localBlockTree,
NullReceiptStorage.Instance, new BlockValidator(Always.Valid, new
HeaderValidator(localBlockTree, Always.Valid, MainnetSpecProvider.Instance,
LimboLogs.Instance), Always.Valid, MainnetSpecProvider.Instance, 
LimboLogs.Instance), Always.Valid, _peerPool, StaticSelector.Full, 
new SyncConfig(), LimboLogs.Instance);
    ...     
}

Validation Results

Conditions that do not like 0

public ReceiptsMessage Deserialize(byte[] bytes)
{
    if (bytes.Length == 0 && bytes[0] == Rlp.OfEmptySequence[0])
        return new ReceiptsMessage(null);
    ...
}

public ReceiptsMessage Deserialize(byte[] bytes)
{
    if (bytes.Length == 0 || bytes[0] == Rlp.OfEmptySequence[0])
        return new ReceiptsMessage(null);
    ...
}

public void DiscoverAll()
{
    ...
    Type? GetStepType(Type[] typesInGroup)
    {
        Type? GetStepTypeRecursive(Type? contextType)
        {
            ...
        }
        ...
        return typesInGroup.Length == 0 ? typesInGroup[0] :
               GetStepTypeRecursive(_context.GetType());
    }
    ...
}

Error or unfinished optimization?

private void DeleteBlocks(Keccak deletePointer)
{
   ...
   if (currentLevel.BlockInfos.Length == 1)
   {
      shouldRemoveLevel = true;
   }
   else
   {
      for (int i = 0; i < currentLevel.BlockInfos.Length; i++)
      {
         if (currentLevel.BlockInfos[0].BlockHash == currentHash) // <=
         {
            currentLevel.BlockInfos = currentLevel.BlockInfos
                                      .Where(bi => bi.BlockHash != currentHash)
                                      .ToArray();
            break;
         }
      }
   }
   ...
}

private void DeleteBlocks(Keccak deletePointer)
{
    ...
    if (currentLevel.BlockInfos.Length == 1)
    {
        shouldRemoveLevel = true;
    }
    else
    {
        currentLevel.BlockInfos = currentLevel.BlockInfos
                                  .Where(bi => bi.BlockHash != currentHash)
                                  .ToArray();
    }
    ...
}

Dereferencing null reference

public void Sign(Transaction tx, int chainId)
{
    if (_logger.IsDebug)
        _logger?.Debug($"Signing transaction: {tx.Value} to {tx.To}");
    IBasicWallet.Sign(this, tx, chainId);
}

private void BuildNodeInfo()
{
    _nodeInfo = new NodeInfo();
    _nodeInfo.Name = ClientVersion.Description;
    _nodeInfo.Enode = _enode.Info;                           // <=
    byte[] publicKeyBytes = _enode?.PublicKey?.Bytes;        // <=
    _nodeInfo.Id = (publicKeyBytes == null ? Keccak.Zero :
                   Keccak.Compute(publicKeyBytes)).ToString(false);
    _nodeInfo.Ip = _enode?.HostIp?.ToString();
    _nodeInfo.ListenAddress = $"{_enode.HostIp}:{_enode.Port}";
    _nodeInfo.Ports.Discovery = _networkConfig.DiscoveryPort;
    _nodeInfo.Ports.Listener = _networkConfig.P2PPort;
    UpdateEthProtocolInfo();
}

Our favorite Copy-Paste

public static bool Equals(ref UInt256 a, ref UInt256 b)
{
    return a.s0 == b.s0 && a.s1 == b.s1 && a.s2 == b.s2 && a.s2 == b.s2;
}

a.s2 == b.s2

public async Task<ApiResponse> 
PublishBlockAsync(SignedBeaconBlock signedBlock,
                  CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
    bool acceptedLocally = false;
    ...
    if (acceptedLocally)
    {
        return new ApiResponse(StatusCode.Success);
    }
    else
    {
        return new ApiResponse(StatusCode.Success);
    }
    ...
}

public void TearDown()
{
    ...
    foreach (var testResult in _results)
    {
         string message = $"{testResult.Order}. {testResult.Name} has " 
               + $"{(testResult.Passed ? "passed [+]" : "failed [-]")}";
         if (testResult.Passed)
         {
               TestContext.WriteLine(message);
         }
         else
         {
               TestContext.WriteLine(message);
         }
     }
}

public void Setup()
{
    if (_decoderBuffer.ReadableBytes > 0)
    {
        throw new Exception("decoder buffer");
    }

    if (_decoderBuffer.ReadableBytes > 0)
    {
        throw new Exception("decoder buffer");
    }
    ...
}

private void LogBlockAuthorNicely(Block block, ISyncPeer syncPeer)
{
    if (_logger.IsInfo)
    {
        if (_logger.IsInfo)
        {
            ...
        }
    }
}

private void LogBlockAuthorNicely(Block block, ISyncPeer syncPeer)
{
    if (_logger.IsInfo)
    {
        if (!_logger.IsError) // <=
        {
            ...
        }
    }
}

if (missingParamsCount != 0)
{
    bool incorrectParametersCount = missingParamsCount != 0; // <=
    if (missingParamsCount > 0)
    {
        ...
    }
    ...
}

Confusing check

public async Task<long> 
DownloadHeaders(PeerInfo bestPeer, 
                BlocksRequest blocksRequest, 
                CancellationToken cancellation)
{
  ...
  for (int i = 1; i < headers.Length; i++)
  {
    ...
    BlockHeader currentHeader = headers[i];
    ...
    bool isValid = i > 1 ? 
        _blockValidator.ValidateHeader(currentHeader, headers[i - 1], false):
        _blockValidator.ValidateHeader(currentHeader, false);
    ...
    if (HandleAddResult(bestPeer, 
                        currentHeader, 
                        i == 0,                              // <=
                        _blockTree.Insert(currentHeader))) 
    {
       headersSynced++;
    }

    ...
  }
  ...
}

private bool HandleAddResult(PeerInfo peerInfo, 
                             BlockHeader block,
                             bool isFirstInBatch, 
                             AddBlockResult addResult)
{
    ...
    if (isFirstInBatch)
    {
        ...
    }
    else
    {
        ...
    }
    ...
}

BlockHeader currentHeader = headers[i];
_blockValidator.ValidateHeader(currentHeader, headers[i - 1], false)

HandleAddResult(bestPeer, currentHeader, 
                i == 1, _blockTree.Insert(currentHeader))

HandleAddResult(bestPeer, currentHeader, 
                i - 1 == 0, _blockTree.Insert(currentHeader))

A priority ??

public int MemorySize
{
  get
  {
    int unaligned = (Keccak == null ? MemorySizes.RefSize : 
        MemorySizes.RefSize + Keccak.MemorySize) 
        + (MemorySizes.RefSize + FullRlp?.Length 
                                 ?? MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead)   // <=
        + (MemorySizes.RefSize + _rlpStream?.MemorySize 
                                 ?? MemorySizes.RefSize)         // <=
        + MemorySizes.RefSize + (MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead + _data?.Length 
        * MemorySizes.RefSize ?? MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead) 
        + MemorySizes.SmallObjectOverhead + (Key?.MemorySize ?? 0);
    return MemorySizes.Align(unaligned);
  }
}

• V3123 Perhaps the '??' operator works in a different way than it was expected. Its priority is lower than priority of other operators in its left part. Nethermind.Trie TrieNode.cs 43
• V3123 Perhaps the '??' operator works in a different way than it was expected. Its priority is lower than priority of other operators in its left part. Nethermind.Trie TrieNode.cs 44

(MemorySizes.RefSize + FullRlp?.Length ?? MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead)

public static class MemorySizes
{
    ...
    public const int RefSize = 8;
    public const int ArrayOverhead = 20;
    ...
}

(8 + FullRlp?.Length ?? 20)

MemorySizes.RefSize + (MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead 
    + _data?.Length * MemorySizes.RefSize ?? MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead) 

public int MemorySize
{
  get
  {
    int unaligned = (Keccak == null ? MemorySizes.RefSize : 
       MemorySizes.RefSize + Keccak.MemorySize) 
       + (MemorySizes.RefSize + (FullRlp?.Length 
                                 ?? MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead))    // <=
       + (MemorySizes.RefSize + (_rlpStream?.MemorySize 
                                 ?? MemorySizes.RefSize))          // <=
       + MemorySizes.RefSize + (MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead + _data?.Length 
       * MemorySizes.RefSize ?? MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead) 
       + MemorySizes.SmallObjectOverhead + (Key?.MemorySize ?? 0);
    return MemorySizes.Align(unaligned);
  }
}

((MemorySizes.RefSize + FullRlp?.Length) ?? MemorySizes.ArrayOverhead)

private async Task<JsonRpcResponse> 
ExecuteAsync(JsonRpcRequest request, 
             string methodName,
             (MethodInfo Info, bool ReadOnly) method)
{
    var expectedParameters = method.Info.GetParameters();
    var providedParameters = request.Params;
    ...
    int missingParamsCount = expectedParameters.Length 
            - (providedParameters?.Length ?? 0) 
            + providedParameters?.Count(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace) ?? 0; // <=
    if (missingParamsCount != 0)
    {
        ...
    }
    ...
}

expectedParameters.Length 
            - (providedParameters?.Length ?? 0) 
            + providedParameters?.Count(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace) ?? 0;

100 - (null ?? 0) + null ?? 0;

100 + null ?? 0;

Conclusion