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Extract method

static  {
    Fizz = new FizzBuzz("Fizz", 0);
    //  0: new           #2                  // class FizzBuzz
    //  3: dup
    //  4: ldc           #22                 // String Fizz
    //  6: iconst_0
    //  7: invokespecial #24                 // Method "<init>":(Ljava/lang/String;I)V
    // 10: putstatic     #25                 // Field Fizz:LFizzBuzz;
    Buzz = new FizzBuzz("Buzz", 1);
    // 13: new           #2                  // class FizzBuzz
    // 16: dup
    // 17: ldc           #28                 // String Buzz
    // 19: iconst_1
    // 20: invokespecial #24                 // Method "<init>":(Ljava/lang/String;I)V
    // 23: putstatic     #30                 // Field Buzz:LFizzBuzz;
    FizzBuzz = new FizzBuzz("FizzBuzz", 2);
    // 26: new           #2                  // class FizzBuzz
    // 29: dup
    // 30: ldc           #32                 // String FizzBuzz
    // 32: iconst_2
    // 33: invokespecial #24                 // Method "<init>":(Ljava/lang/String;I)V
    // 36: putstatic     #33                 // Field FizzBuzz:LFizzBuzz;

    $VALUES = new FizzBuzz[] {
    // 39: iconst_3
    // 40: anewarray     #2                  // class FizzBuzz
        Fizz, 
    // 43: dup
    // 44: iconst_0
    // 45: getstatic     #25                 // Field Fizz:LFizzBuzz;
    // 48: aastore
        Buzz, 
    // 49: dup
    // 50: iconst_1
    // 51: getstatic     #30                 // Field Buzz:LFizzBuzz;
    // 54: aastore
        FizzBuzz
    // 55: dup
    // 56: iconst_2
    // 57: getstatic     #33                 // Field FizzBuzz:LFizzBuzz;
    // 60: aastore
    };
    // 61: putstatic     #1                  // Field $VALUES:[LFizzBuzz;
    // 64: return
}

$VALUES = createValues();

static  {
    FizzBuzz[] localValues = createValues();

    int index = 0;
    Fizz = localValues[index++];
    Buzz = localValues[index++];
    FizzBuzz = localValues[index++];

    $VALUES = localValues;
}

private static FizzBuzz[] createValues() {
    return new FizzBuzz[] {
        new FizzBuzz("Fizz", 0), 
        new FizzBuzz("Buzz", 1), 
        new FizzBuzz("FizzBuzz", 2)
    };
}

private static int valueIndex;

static  {
    $VALUES = createValues();

    valueIndex = 0;
    Fizz = nextValue();
    Buzz = nextValue();
    FizzBuzz = nextValue();
}

private static FizzBuzz nextValue() {
    return $VALUES[valueIndex++];
}

Dynamic Class-File Constants

Behaviorally, a CONSTANT_Dynamic constant is resolved by executing its bootstrap method on the following parameters:

1. a local Lookup object,
2. the String representing the name component of the constant,
3. the Class representing the expected constant type, and
4. any remaining bootstrap arguments.

As with invokedynamic, multiple threads can race to resolve, but a unique winner will be chosen and any other contending answers discarded.

private FizzBuzz(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup, String name, Class<?> enumClass, int ordinal) {
    super(name, ordinal);
}

static  {
    Fizz = JVM_ldc(FizzBuzz::new, "Fizz", 0);
    Buzz = JVM_ldc(FizzBuzz::new, "Buzz", 1);
    FizzBuzz = JVM_ldc(FizzBuzz::new, "FizzBuzz", 2);

    $VALUES = createValues();
}

private static FizzBuzz[] createValues(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup, String name, Class<?> clazz, FizzBuzz... elements) {
    return elements;
}

BootstrapMethods:
  ...
  1: # 54 REF_invokeStatic FizzBuzz.createValues: (Ljava / lang / invoke / MethodHandles $ Lookup; Ljava / lang / String; Ljava / lang / Class; [LFizzBuzz;) [LFizzBuzz;
    Method arguments:
      # 1 # 0: Fizz: LFizzBuzz;
      # 2 # 0: Buzz: LFizzBuzz;
      # 3 # 0: FizzBuzz: LFizzBuzz;

Sudden difficulties

• COUNTtype records CONSTANT_Dynamic- our dynamic constants
• COUNTtype records CONSTANT_NameAndType- pairs of links to the name of the enumeration element and its type. The type will be the same for everyone, this is the class type of our enumeration.
• COUNTtype records CONSTANT_Utf8- directly the names of the enumeration elements
• COUNTrecords of type CONSTANT_Integer- serial numbers of enumeration elements passed to the constructor as a parameter valueordinal
• names of the current and base classes, attributes, method signatures and other boring implementation details. Those interested can look in the source code of the generator.

int elementCount = elementNames.size();

int baseConDy = 1;
int baseNameAndType = baseConDy + elementCount;
int baseUtf8 = baseNameAndType + elementCount;
int baseInteger = baseUtf8 + elementCount;
int indexThisClass = baseInteger + elementCount;
int indexThisClassUtf8 = indexThisClass + 1;
int indexSuperClass = indexThisClassUtf8 + 1;
int indexSuperClassUtf8 = indexSuperClass + 1;
int indexBootstrapMethodsUtf8 = indexSuperClassUtf8 + 1;
int indexConDyDescriptorUtf8 = indexBootstrapMethodsUtf8 + 1;
int indexBootstrapMethodHandle = indexConDyDescriptorUtf8 + 1;
int indexBootstrapMethodRef = indexBootstrapMethodHandle + 1;
int indexBootstrapMethodNameAndType = indexBootstrapMethodRef + 1;
int indexBootstrapMethodName = indexBootstrapMethodNameAndType + 1;
int indexBootstrapMethodDescriptor = indexBootstrapMethodName + 1;

int constantPoolSize = indexBootstrapMethodDescriptor + 1;

// Class file header
u4(CLASS_FILE_SIGNATURE);
u4(version);

// Constant pool
u2(constantPoolSize);

// N * CONSTANT_Dynamic
for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
    u1u2u2(CONSTANT_Dynamic, i, baseNameAndType + i);
}

// N * CONSTANT_NameAndType
for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
    u1u2u2(CONSTANT_NameAndType, baseUtf8 + i, indexConDyDescriptorUtf8);
}

// N * CONSTANT_Utf8
//noinspection ForLoopReplaceableByForEach
for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
    u1(CONSTANT_Utf8);
    utf8(elementNames.get(i));
}

// N * CONSTANT_Integer
for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
    u1(CONSTANT_Integer);
    u4(i);
}

// ThisClass
u1(CONSTANT_Class);
u2(indexThisClassUtf8);

// ThisClassUtf8
u1(CONSTANT_Utf8);
utf8(enumClassName);

// SuperClass
u1(CONSTANT_Class);
u2(indexSuperClassUtf8);

// SuperClassUtf8
u1(CONSTANT_Utf8);
utf8(JAVA_LANG_ENUM);

// BootstrapMethodsUtf8
u1(CONSTANT_Utf8);
utf8(ATTRIBUTE_NAME_BOOTSTRAP_METHODS);

// ConDyDescriptorUtf8
u1(CONSTANT_Utf8);
utf8(binaryEnumClassName);

// BootstrapMethodHandle
u1(CONSTANT_MethodHandle);
u1(REF_newInvokeSpecial);
u2(indexBootstrapMethodRef);

// BootstrapMethodRef
u1u2u2(CONSTANT_Methodref, indexThisClass, indexBootstrapMethodNameAndType);

// BootstrapMethodNameAndType
u1u2u2(CONSTANT_NameAndType, indexBootstrapMethodName, indexBootstrapMethodDescriptor);

// BootstrapMethodName
u1(CONSTANT_Utf8);
utf8(BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_NAME);

// BootstrapMethodDescriptor
u1(CONSTANT_Utf8);
utf8(BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR);

u2(access);
u2(indexThisClass);
u2(indexSuperClass);

// Interfaces count
u2(0);
// Fields count
u2(0);
// Methods count
u2(0);
// Attributes count
u2(1);

// BootstrapMethods attribute
u2(indexBootstrapMethodsUtf8);
// BootstrapMethods attribute size
u4(2 /* num_bootstrap_methods */ + 6 * elementCount);
// Bootstrap method count
u2(elementCount);

for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
    // bootstrap_method_ref
    u2(indexBootstrapMethodHandle);
    // num_bootstrap_arguments
    u2(1);
    // bootstrap_arguments[1]
    u2(baseInteger + i);
}

private ClassReader getBootstrapClassReader(int version, int access, String enumClassName, List<String> elementNames) {
    byte[] bootstrapClassBytes = new ConDyBootstrapClassGenerator(
        version,
        access,
        enumClassName,
        elementNames
    )
    .generate();

    if (bootstrapClassBytes == null) {
        return null;
    } else {
        return new ClassReader(bootstrapClassBytes);
    }
}

Bright future

public class DiscoverConstantValueAttribute {

    public static final String STRING = "Habrahabr, world!";

    public static final Object OBJECT = new Object();

}

static {
    OBJECT = new Object();
    //  0: new           #2                  // class java/lang/Object
    //  3: dup
    //  4: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
    //  7: putstatic     #7                  // Field OBJECT:Ljava/lang/Object;
    // 10: return
}

public static final java.lang.String STRING;
  descriptor: Ljava/lang/String;
  flags: (0x0019) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC, ACC_FINAL
  ConstantValue: String Habrahabr, world!

A ConstantValue attribute represents the value of a constant expression (JLS §15.28), and is used as follows:

• If the ACC_STATIC flag in the access_flags item of the field_info structure is set, then the field represented by the field_info structure is assigned the value represented by its ConstantValue attribute as part of the initialization of the class or interface declaring the field (§5.5). This occurs prior to the invocation of the class or interface initialization method of that class or interface (§2.9.2).
• Otherwise, the Java Virtual Machine must silently ignore the attribute.

Future work

Possible future extensions include:

...

• Attaching dynamic constants to the ConstantValue attribute of static fields

Unsafe

import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;

public enum FizzBuzz {

    private static final FizzBuzz[] $VALUES;

    public static final FizzBuzz Fizz;
    public static final FizzBuzz Buzz;
    public static final FizzBuzz FizzBuzz;

    public static FizzBuzz[] values() {
        return (FizzBuzz[]) $VALUES.clone();
    }

    public static FizzBuzz valueOf(String name) {
        return (FizzBuzz) Enum.valueOf(FizzBuzz.class, name);
    }

    private FizzBuzz(String name, int ordinal) {
        super(name, ordinal);
    }

    private static FizzBuzz[] createValues() {
        return new FizzBuzz[] {
            Fizz,
            Buzz,
            FizzBuzz
        }
    }

    static  {
        Field unsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
        unsafeField.setAccessible(true);
        Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) unsafeField.get(null);

        String[] fieldNames = "Fizz,Buzz,FizzBuzz".split(",");
        for(int i = 0; i < fieldNames.length; i++) {
            String fieldName = fieldNames[i];
            Field field = FizzBuzz.class.getDeclaredField(fieldName);
            long fieldOffset = unsafe.staticFieldOffset(field);
            unsafe.putObject(FizzBuzz.class, fieldOffset, new FizzBuzz(fieldName, i));
        }

        $VALUES = createValues();
    }

}

public final int ordinal ()

Returns the ordinal of this enumeration constant (its position in its enum declaration, where the initial constant is assigned an ordinal of zero).

static  {
    Field unsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
    unsafeField.setAccessible(true);
    Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) unsafeField.get(null);

    String[] fieldNames = "Fizz,Buzz,FizzBuzz".split(",");
    FizzBuzz[] localValues = new FizzBuzz[fieldNames.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < fieldNames.length; i++) {
        String fieldName = fieldNames[i];
        Field field = FizzBuzz.class.getDeclaredField(fieldName);
        long fieldOffset = unsafe.staticFieldOffset(field);
        unsafe.putObject(
            FizzBuzz.class,
            fieldOffset,
            (localValues[i] = new FizzBuzz(fieldName, i))
        );
    }

    $VALUES = localValues;
}

static  {
    Field unsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
    unsafeField.setAccessible(true);
    Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) unsafeField.get(null);

    String[] fieldNames = "Fizz,Buzz,FizzBuzz".split(",");
    Field[] fields = FizzBuzz.class.getDeclaredFields();
    HashMap<String, Field> cache = new HashMap<>(fields.length);

    for(Field field : fields) {
        cache.put(field.getName(), field);
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < fieldNames.length; i++) {
        String fieldName = fieldNames[i];
        Field field = cache.get(fieldName);
        long fieldOffset = unsafe.staticFieldOffset(field);
        unsafe.putObject(
            FizzBuzz.class,
            fieldOffset,
            (localValues[i] = new FizzBuzz(fieldName, i))
        );
    }    

    $VALUES = localValues;
}

Check performance

public class TestFew {

    public static void main(String... args) {
        for(String arg : args) {
            System.out.print(arg + " : ");

            try {
                UnsafeHugeEnum value = UnsafeHugeEnum.valueOf(arg);

                doSwitch(value);
            } catch(Throwable e) {
                e.printStackTrace(System.out);
            }
        }
    }

    private static void doSwitch(UnsafeHugeEnum value) {
        switch(value) {
            case VALUE_00001:
                System.out.println("First");
                break;
            case VALUE_31415:
                System.out.println("(int) (10_000 * Math.PI)");
                break;
            case VALUE_65410:
                System.out.println("Last");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("Unexpected value: " + value);
                break;
        }
    }

}

$ java TestFew VALUE_00001 VALUE_00400 VALUE_31415 VALUE_65410
VALUE_00001 : First
VALUE_00400 : Unexpected value: VALUE_00400
VALUE_31415 : (int) (10_000 * Math.PI)
VALUE_65410 : Last

switch(value) {
    case VALUE_00001:
    case VALUE_00002:
        ...
    case VALUE_65410:
        System.out.println("One of known values: " + value);
        break;
    default:
        System.out.println("Unexpected value: " + value);
        break;
}

$ javac -fullversion
javac full version "14.0.1+7"

$ javac TestAll.java
TestAll.java:18: error: code too large for try statement
        switch(value) {
        ^
TestAll.java:65433: error: too many constants
                break;
                ^
TestAll.java:17: error: code too large
    private static void doSwitch(UnsafeHugeEnum value) {
                        ^
TestAll.java:1: error: too many constants
public class TestAll {
       ^
4 errors

• Testfew.java
• TestAll.java

Javac and switch

// Determine whether to issue a tableswitch or a lookupswitch
// instruction.
long table_space_cost = 4 + ((long) hi - lo + 1); // words
long table_time_cost = 3; // comparisons
long lookup_space_cost = 3 + 2 * (long) nlabels;
long lookup_time_cost = nlabels;
int opcode =
    nlabels > 0 &&
    table_space_cost + 3 * table_time_cost <=
    lookup_space_cost + 3 * lookup_time_cost
    ?
    tableswitch : lookupswitch;

TestAll.java:18: error: code too large for try statement
        switch(value) {
        ^

/** This map gives a translation table to be used for enum
 *  switches.
 *
 *  <p>For each enum that appears as the type of a switch
 *  expression, we maintain an EnumMapping to assist in the
 *  translation, as exemplified by the following example:
 *
 *  <p>we translate
 *  <pre>
 *          switch(colorExpression) {
 *          case red: stmt1;
 *          case green: stmt2;
 *          }
 *  </pre>
 *  into
 *  <pre>
 *          switch(Outer$0.$EnumMap$Color[colorExpression.ordinal()]) {
 *          case 1: stmt1;
 *          case 2: stmt2
 *          }
 *  </pre>
 *  with the auxiliary table initialized as follows:
 *  <pre>
 *          class Outer$0 {
 *              synthetic final int[] $EnumMap$Color = new int[Color.values().length];
 *              static {
 *                  try { $EnumMap$Color[red.ordinal()] = 1; } catch (NoSuchFieldError ex) {}
 *                  try { $EnumMap$Color[green.ordinal()] = 2; } catch (NoSuchFieldError ex) {}
 *              }
 *          }
 *  </pre>
 *  class EnumMapping provides mapping data and support methods for this translation.
 */

try {
    $SwitchMap$UnsafeHugeEnum[UnsafeHugeEnum.VALUE_00001.ordinal()] = 1;
    //  9: getstatic     #2                  // Field $SwitchMap$UnsafeHugeEnum:[I
    // 12: getstatic     #3                  // Field UnsafeHugeEnum.VALUE_00001:LUnsafeHugeEnum;
    // 15: invokevirtual #4                  // Method UnsafeHugeEnum.ordinal:()I
    // 18: iconst_1
    // 19: iastore
}
// 20: goto          24
catch(NoSuchFieldError e) { }
// 23: astore_0

Conclusion

Test.java:3: warning: Unsafe is internal proprietary API and may be removed in a future release
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
               ^

Additional materials

Huge enumeration generator

    https://github.com/Maccimo/HugeEnumGeneratorArticle

Additional information (in Russian):

    https://habr.com/ru/post/483392/
    https://habr.com/ru/post/501870/

Usage:
    java -jar HugeEnumGen.jar [ <options> ] <enum name>

    <enum name>
        An enumeration class name.
        Should be a valid Java identifier. May contain package name.

Options:

    -d <directory>
        Output directory path.
        Current working directory by default.

    -e <item list file>
        Path to UTF8-encoded text file with list of enumeration item names.
        Item names will be autogenerated if absent.
        Mutually exclusive with the -c option.

    -c <count>
        Count of autogenerated enumeration item names.
        Mutually exclusive with the -e option.
        Default value: Algorithm-depended

    -a <algorithm>
        Enumeration generation algorithm.
        Supported algorithms:
          ConDy          - Employ Constant Dynamic (JEP 309) for enum elements initialization
          ExtractMethod  - Extract enum elements initialization code to separate method
          Unsafe         - Employ sun.misc.Unsafe for enum elements initialization

        Default algorithm: ExtractMethod

    -h / -?
        Show this help page.

Example:

    java -jar HugeEnumGen.jar -d ./bin -c 2020 com.habr.maccimo.HugeEnum2020