About Phrasal Verbs-4 (in / out)

Before this article, it is recommended that you read the first two parts:
1. habr.com/ru/post/495794
2. habr.com/ru/post/496190

Out corresponds to Russian prefixes with the values ​​“out” and “to the end, completely”:

• “You-”: hear - “listen”. Hear me out! - Listen to me!
• "Once -" / "ras-": sell - "sell" sell out - ras-sell.
• “From” (with the meaning “to the end, completely”): wear - “to wear”, wear out - from to wear / wear (about clothes / shoes, for example).
• “From-” (with the meaning “you-” - out): hound - “hunting dog”, as the verb - “to drive” (the beast). Hound out - “to drive out” (= “to drive out”). They hounded him out of Parliament - they drove him out of Parliament. If you keep in mind the basic values ​​of the verbs kick (kick) and boot (kick in the boot), it becomes obvious why the FG kick out and boot out are used as synonyms for hound out. I always literally beg students to keep in mind the basic meaning of the verb from which the phrase is formed. They do not always obey ... :(

Let's analyze an example more complicated. About 100 years ago, the FG work out had a new meaning - “train”. Out in it means "to the end, completely." Those. work (as a rule, with weights) to the limit, “YOU train” so that the muscles can no longer continue.

And now, Houston, we have a problem. There are random moments, inconsistencies in the language that are very confusing. In Russian, the prefix “po” can mean “do some time”: to read, to listen, to train. Even if a person trained to the EXTENT, literally, they knocked down in Russian, they say “he trained”, although it would be more logical to say “he trained” (or “completely trained”).

But in English they just say work out, “Train”, but they say even when a person has trained a little (he could have worked) - He worked out yesterday - He trained yesterday. The same inconsistency is in Russian: "I wore shoes." “From” means “to the end, completely.” But, as a rule, shoes, maybe another day or two, or even a week, could still be worn. They threw them out because they no longer look very presentable, but they say they wore them.

Two people describe the same situation in different ways: one says that “Vasya was beaten,” the other “Vasya was beaten.” Those. one says that “for a while” (“-”), the other - that “until the end, completely” (“from-”). Although in almost every case of beating, it was theoretically possible to beat a little more. Such inconsistencies should be borne in mind when learning languages.

A living example of how carriers compose FG on the go. One of the out values ​​is to move in different directions from the starting point , in the same way as the Russian prefixes “raz-” and “ras-” (to plump - to sound out in all directions). Give out - “give-out”: give out the copies to the class - give out to the whole class in an instance.

Kale - Kale. As a verb, this word does not exist. Drop, if you like. Moreover, no dictionary contains FG kale out (unpack). In the USA, I was friendly with one family, which cultivated this very kale in rather large quantities. One fine day, a neighbor came to Melinda (wife in this family), and she was offered to pick up a few cabbies. A neighbor took one - they say it’s inconvenient to take more. Melinda: “Yes, take it, I do not mind, I have a lot!” And with a laugh she added: “I'm kaled out!”. Those. "I am uncool." :)

By the way, out means stretching not only in space, but also in time. Drag - "drag, pull (with effort)." He always drags out our meetings - He always stretches our meetings (verbose because, for example).

The IN particle carries a number of directly opposite OUT meanings and corresponds to Russian prefixes, indicating being inside, moving inward or holding inside some kind of container, reservoir:

• “In-”: breathe - “breathe”, breathe in - “in-breathe”.
• “C-”: pull - “pull”, pull in troops - “pull troops” (to one point)
• “For”: go in - “for walking” (about the sun, “for the clouds”). The sun went in - The sun set behind the clouds.
• “C -” / “y-”: hold - “hold”, hold in - “(y-) s-hold”. I tried to hold in my tears - I tried to hold back / hold the tears. Those. keep them inside, do not let them out.
• “Y-” as “inward direction”: pack - “pack”, pack in - “y-pack”. Don't forget to pack in my toothbrush - Don’t forget to pack my toothbrush.

Or take in - "take it" (only in English they say "clean up"). “U-” has the meaning of fitting objects into the limited space of a container, collecting from different points into one :

fit - “fit into something”, fit in - “fit in, fit in”. Don't worry, we will all fit in - Don’t worry, we will all fit / fit.

IN always implies some kind of physical or speculative limited space, container. Let's analyze let in on. Let in - let in: Please let me in, it's cold outside - Please let me in - it's cold outside.

But "in-let" can be metaphorically. Suppose Vasya and Masha know 3 secrets that they don’t want to tell anyone. These secrets seem to form 3 closed virtual spaces, into which only Vasya and Masha enter. Thinking, they decide to tell the secret number 1 Pete, and the other two do not tell. To do this, let Petya into the virtual space of secret No. 1, i.e. let Petya in. One of the meanings of the ON preposition is “by / about”: lecture on literature (lecture on literature). Management of let in is such that it requires on (after).

Vasya and Masha decided to let Petya in on the secret No. 1 - Vasya and Masha decided to tell Petya secret No. 1 (let him in on this particular secret).

The value of collecting from different points in oneperfectly manifested in FG close in on. The literal meaning of close in is well conveyed by an episode from a horror movie, where the walls are pulled over from all sides by a person in order to crush him. On is an excuse, such is the control close in. The logic is quite Russian - close, close ON whom / what.

The walls are closing in on me - The walls are moving toward me (c-clinging, collapsing on me).

The police are closing in on the suspect - The police are close to taking the suspect.

Close in on still has a figurative meaning of “approaching” (to decision / completion): We are closing in on the end of the project - We are approaching the completion of the project (completion of the project is like a beast that you drove to where you need it, surrounded and approached from all sides).

Close in on has the colloquial equivalents of home in on and hone in on. There is a very similar verb zoom in on, but it is about focusing on a specific point.

In order to confidently use, understand the wordplay with the participation of FG, you must constantly keep in mind their internal logic.