خيارات وظيفية على المنشطات

مقدمة - ما هي الخيارات الوظيفية؟

obj := New(arg1, arg2)

// I can still do this...
obj := New(arg1, arg2)

// ...but this works too
obj := New(arg1, arg2, myOption1, myOption2)

type Server struct {
    addr string
}

// NewServer initializes a new Server listening on addr.
func NewServer(addr string) *Server {
    return &Server {
        addr: addr,
    }
}

type Server struct {
    addr string

    // default: no timeout
    timeout time.Duration
}

// Timeout configures a maximum length of idle connection in Server.
func Timeout(timeout time.Duration) func(*Server) {
    return func(s *Server) {
        s.timeout = timeout
    }
}

// NewServer initializes a new Server listening on addr with optional configuration.
func NewServer(addr string, opts ...func(*Server)) *Server {
    server := &Server {
        addr: addr,
    }

    // apply the list of options to Server
    for _, opt := range opts {
        opt(server)
    }

    return server
}

// no optional paramters, use defaults
server := NewServer(":8080")

// configure a timeout in addition to the address
server := NewServer(":8080", Timeout(10 * time.Second))

// configure a timeout and TLS in addition to the address
server := NewServer(":8080", Timeout(10 * time.Second), TLS(&TLSConfig{}))

// constructor variants
server := NewServer(":8080")
server := NewServerWithTimeout(":8080", 10 * time.Second)
server := NewServerWithTimeoutAndTLS(":8080", 10 * time.Second, &TLSConfig{})


// config struct
server := NewServer(":8080", Config{})
server := NewServer(":8080", Config{ Timeout: 10 * time.Second })
server := NewServer(":8080", Config{ Timeout: 10 * time.Second, TLS: &TLSConfig{} })

ممارسات الخيارات الوظيفية

نوع الخيارات

// Option configures a Server.
type Option func(s *Server)

func Timeout(timeout time.Duration) func(*Server) { /*...*/ }

// reads: a new server accepts an address
//      and a set of functions that accepts the server itself
func NewServer(addr string, opts ...func(s *Server)) *Server

// VS

func Timeout(timeout time.Duration) Option { /*...*/ }

// reads: a new server accepts an address and a set of options
func NewServer(addr string, opts ...Option) *Server

قائمة أنواع الخيارات

defaultOptions := []Option{Timeout(5 * time.Second)}

server1 := NewServer(":8080", append(defaultOptions, MaxConnections(10))...)

server2 := NewServer(":8080", append(defaultOptions, RateLimit(10, time.Minute))...)

server3 := NewServer(":8080", append(defaultOptions, Timeout(10 * time.Second))...)

// Options turns a list of Option instances into an Option.
func Options(opts ...Option) Option {
    return func(s *Server) {
        for _, opt := range opts {
            opt(s)
        }
    }
}

defaultOptions := Options(Timeout(5 * time.Second))

server1 := NewServer(":8080", defaultOptions, MaxConnections(10))

server2 := NewServer(":8080", defaultOptions, RateLimit(10, time.Minute))

server3 := NewServer(":8080", defaultOptions, Timeout(10 * time.Second))

البادئات لخيارات مع / تعيين

type Logger interface {
    Info(msg string)
    Error(msg string)
}

func WithLogger(logger Logger) Option {
    return func(s *Server) {
        s.logger = logger
    }
}

// reads: create a new server that listens on :8080 with a logger
NewServer(":8080", WithLogger(logger))

type Server struct {
    // ...

    whitelistIPs []string
}

func WithWhitelistedIP(ip string) Option {
    return func(s *Server) {
        s.whitelistIPs = append(s.whitelistIPs, ip)
    }
}

NewServer(":8080", WithWhitelistedIP("10.0.0.0/8"), WithWhitelistedIP("172.16.0.0/12"))

func SetWhitelistedIP(ip string) Option {
    return func(s *Server) {
        s.whitelistIPs = []string{ip}
    }
}

NewServer(
    ":8080",
    WithWhitelistedIP("10.0.0.0/8"),
    WithWhitelistedIP("172.16.0.0/12"),
    SetWhitelistedIP("192.168.0.0/16"), // overwrites any previous values
)

قالب مسبق

// PublicPreset configures a Server for public usage.
func PublicPreset() Option {
    return Options(
        WithTimeout(10 * time.Second),
        MaxConnections(10),
    )
}

// InternalPreset configures a Server for internal usage.
func InternalPreset() Option {
    return Options(
        WithTimeout(20 * time.Second),
        WithWhitelistedIP("10.0.0.0/8"),
    )
}

قيم النوع الافتراضية مقابل القيم الافتراضية المعدة مسبقًا

func NewServer(addr string, opts ...func(*Server)) *Server {
    server := &Server {
        addr:   addr,
        logger: noopLogger{},
    }

    // apply the list of options to Server
    for _, opt := range opts {
        opt(server)
    }

    return server
}

func NewServer(addr string, opts ...func(*Server)) *Server {
    server := &Server {
        addr:   addr,
    }

    // what are the defaults?
    opts = append([]Option{DefaultPreset()}, opts...)

    // apply the list of options to Server
    for _, opt := range opts {
        opt(server)
    }

    return server
}

خيار هيكل التكوين

type Config struct {
    Timeout time.Duration
}

type Option func(c *Config)

type Server struct {
    // ...

    config Config
}

config := Config{
    Timeout: 10 * time.Second
    // ...
    // lots of other options
}

NewServer(":8080", WithConfig(config))

config := Config{
    Timeout: 10 * time.Second
    // ...
    // lots of other options
}

NewServer(":8080", WithConfig(config), WithTimeout(20 * time.Second))

قوالب متقدمة

type Timeout time.Duration

NewServer(":8080", Timeout(time.Minute))

// Option configures a Server.
type Option interface {
    // apply is unexported,
    // so only the current package can implement this interface.
    apply(s *Server)
}

// Timeout configures a maximum length of idle connection in Server.
type Timeout time.Duration

func (t Timeout) apply(s *Server) {
    s.timeout = time.Duration(t)
}

// Options turns a list of Option instances into an Option.
type Options []Option

func (o Options) apply(s *Server) {
    for _, opt := range o {
        o.apply(s)
    }
}

type Config struct {
    Timeout time.Duration
}

func (c Config) apply(s *Server) {
    s.config = c
}

// ServerOption configures a Server.
type ServerOption interface {
    applyServer(s *Server)
}

// ClientOption configures a Client.
type ClientOption interface {
    applyClient(c *Client)
}

// Option configures a Server or a Client.
type Option interface {
    ServerOption
    ClientOption
}

func WithLogger(logger Logger) Option {
    return withLogger{logger}
}

type withLogger struct {
    logger Logger
}

func (o withLogger) applyServer(s *Server) {
    s.logger = o.logger
}

func (o withLogger) applyClient(c *Client) {
    c.logger = o.logger
}

NewServer(":8080", WithLogger(logger))
NewClient("http://localhost:8080", WithLogger(logger))

ملخص